Biology Ppe Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main types of cells?
A
Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells.
2
Q
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
A
Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities.
3
Q
What do mitochondria do?
A
Convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
4
Q
What is the role of chloroplasts?
A
Capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells.
5
Q
What are ribosomes responsible for?
A
Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins.
6
Q
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
7
Q
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
A
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
8
Q
What are plasmids?
A
Small, circular DNA molecules that provide additional genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
9
Q
What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
A
Provides structural support and protection, made of peptidoglycan.
10
Q
How are red blood cells specialized?
A
They lack a nucleus to increase space for hemoglobin and have a biconcave shape for efficient oxygen exchange.
11
Q
What is the function of muscle cells?
A
Packed with mitochondria to generate ATP needed for muscle contractions.
12
Q
What are the two types of microscopes?
A
Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes.
13
Q
What is the primary function of enzymes?
A
Act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
14
Q
What is the lock-and-key model in enzyme activity?
A
Suggests that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site.
15
Q
What is the induced fit model?
A
Proposes that the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.
16
Q
What factors affect enzyme activity?
A
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
17
Q
What are catabolic reactions?
A
Reactions where enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
18
Q
What are anabolic reactions?
A
Reactions where enzymes build complex molecules from simpler ones.
19
Q
What is diffusion?
A
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
20
Q
What is osmosis?
A
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
21
Q
What is active transport?
A
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
22
Q
What is meiosis?
A
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.
23
Q
What is the structure of DNA?
A
A double-stranded molecule twisted into a helix, composed of nucleotides.
24
Q
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
A
A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
25
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens that spread between individuals.
26
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that are not infectious and result from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, or environmental exposure.
27
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
28
What is the role of white blood cells?
Engulf pathogens and produce antibodies.
29
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
30
What is aerobic respiration?
Produces ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.
31
What is anaerobic respiration?
Occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing less energy and causing lactic acid accumulation.
32
What are ecosystems?
Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
33
What are material cycles?
Processes like the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle that recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
34
What is diffusion?
Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
35
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.
36
What is active transport?
The movement of particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
37
What is genetics?
The study of heredity, genes, and the process by which traits are passed down through generations.
38
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and egg cells).
39
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
40
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes to gametes.
41
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides, each including a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).
42
What is complementary base pairing?
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, creating the base pairs that make up the DNA ladder.
43
What is transcription?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
44
What is translation?
mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosome, with tRNA bringing amino acids to link together.
45
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can spread through various means.
46
What are bacterial diseases?
Diseases like tuberculosis caused by bacteria that release toxins or damage host tissues.
47
What are viral diseases?
Diseases like influenza that replicate within host cells, causing cell damage.
48
What are fungal diseases?
Diseases caused by fungi that can infect skin or internal organs.
49
What are parasitic diseases?
Diseases where parasites live on or in a host, often causing harm.
50
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases not caused by pathogens, including conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
51
What are physical barriers in the immune system?
Skin, mucous membranes, and other barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
52
What role do white blood cells play in immunity?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens, while lymphocytes produce antibodies.
53
What is vaccination?
Vaccines introduce a harmless form of the pathogen, prompting the immune system to create memory cells.
54
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts.
55
What are light-dependent reactions?
Reactions that use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
56
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
57
What is xylem?
The tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
58
What is phloem?
The tissue that transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.
59
What is the circulatory system?
The system that pumps blood through the body, consisting of the heart and blood vessels.
60
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells are part of the immune system, and platelets help in blood clotting.
61
What is the respiratory system?
The system where gas exchange occurs; oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled.
62
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that requires oxygen to produce ATP.
63
What is anaerobic respiration?
A process that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.
64
What are trophic levels?
Levels in a food web where energy is transferred through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
65
What is the carbon cycle?
The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, and back through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
66
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The process of nitrogen being converted into forms usable by plants and animals, cycling through organisms and the environment.
67
What is the water cycle?
The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, cycling between Earth’s atmosphere and surface.
68
What are the two main types of cells?
Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells.
69
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities.
70
What do mitochondria do?
Convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
71
What is the role of chloroplasts?
Capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells.
72
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins.
73
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
74
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
75
What are plasmids?
Small, circular DNA molecules that provide additional genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
76
What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
Provides structural support and protection, made of peptidoglycan.
77
How are red blood cells specialized?
They lack a nucleus to increase space for hemoglobin and have a biconcave shape for efficient oxygen exchange.
78
What is the function of muscle cells?
Packed with mitochondria to generate ATP needed for muscle contractions.
79
What are the two types of microscopes?
Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes.
80
What is the primary function of enzymes?
Act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
81
What is the lock-and-key model in enzyme activity?
Suggests that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme's active site.
82
What is the induced fit model?
Proposes that the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.
83
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
84
What are catabolic reactions?
Reactions where enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
85
What are anabolic reactions?
Reactions where enzymes build complex molecules from simpler ones.
86
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
87
What is osmosis?
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
88
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
89
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.
90
What is the structure of DNA?
A double-stranded molecule twisted into a helix, composed of nucleotides.
91
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
92
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens that spread between individuals.
93
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that are not infectious and result from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, or environmental exposure.
94
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
95
What is the role of white blood cells?
Engulf pathogens and produce antibodies.
96
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
97
What is aerobic respiration?
Produces ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.
98
What is anaerobic respiration?
Occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing less energy and causing lactic acid accumulation.
99
What are ecosystems?
Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
100
What are material cycles?
Processes like the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle that recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
101
What is diffusion?
Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
102
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.
103
What is active transport?
The movement of particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
104
What is genetics?
The study of heredity, genes, and the process by which traits are passed down through generations.
105
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and egg cells).
106
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
107
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes to gametes.
108
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides, each including a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).
109
What is complementary base pairing?
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, creating the base pairs that make up the DNA ladder.
110
What is transcription?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
111
What is translation?
mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosome, with tRNA bringing amino acids to link together.
112
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can spread through various means.
113
What are bacterial diseases?
Diseases like tuberculosis caused by bacteria that release toxins or damage host tissues.
114
What are viral diseases?
Diseases like influenza that replicate within host cells, causing cell damage.
115
What are fungal diseases?
Diseases caused by fungi that can infect skin or internal organs.
116
What are parasitic diseases?
Diseases where parasites live on or in a host, often causing harm.
117
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases not caused by pathogens, including conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
118
What are physical barriers in the immune system?
Skin, mucous membranes, and other barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
119
What role do white blood cells play in immunity?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens, while lymphocytes produce antibodies.
120
What is vaccination?
Vaccines introduce a harmless form of the pathogen, prompting the immune system to create memory cells.
121
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts.
122
What are light-dependent reactions?
Reactions that use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
123
What is the Calvin Cycle?
A process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
124
What is xylem?
The tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
125
What is phloem?
The tissue that transports sugars and nutrients throughout the plant.
126
What is the circulatory system?
The system that pumps blood through the body, consisting of the heart and blood vessels.
127
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells are part of the immune system, and platelets help in blood clotting.
128
What is the respiratory system?
The system where gas exchange occurs; oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is expelled.
129
What is aerobic respiration?
A process that requires oxygen to produce ATP.
130
What is anaerobic respiration?
A process that occurs without oxygen, producing less ATP.
131
What are trophic levels?
Levels in a food web where energy is transferred through producers, consumers, and decomposers.
132
What is the carbon cycle?
The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, and back through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition.
133
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The process of nitrogen being converted into forms usable by plants and animals, cycling through organisms and the environment.
134
What is the water cycle?
The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, cycling between Earth’s atmosphere and surface.
