Biology Ppe Flashcards
What are the two main types of cells?
Eukaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Cells.
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
Stores the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directs cell activities.
What do mitochondria do?
Convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
What is the role of chloroplasts?
Capture sunlight for photosynthesis in plant cells.
What are ribosomes responsible for?
Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins.
What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
What are plasmids?
Small, circular DNA molecules that provide additional genes, such as antibiotic resistance.
What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?
Provides structural support and protection, made of peptidoglycan.
How are red blood cells specialized?
They lack a nucleus to increase space for hemoglobin and have a biconcave shape for efficient oxygen exchange.
What is the function of muscle cells?
Packed with mitochondria to generate ATP needed for muscle contractions.
What are the two types of microscopes?
Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes.
What is the primary function of enzymes?
Act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
What is the lock-and-key model in enzyme activity?
Suggests that the substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site.
What is the induced fit model?
Proposes that the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate.
What factors affect enzyme activity?
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
What are catabolic reactions?
Reactions where enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
What are anabolic reactions?
Reactions where enzymes build complex molecules from simpler ones.
What is diffusion?
The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.
What is the structure of DNA?
A double-stranded molecule twisted into a helix, composed of nucleotides.
What is the base pairing rule in DNA?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens that spread between individuals.
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases that are not infectious and result from genetic factors, lifestyle choices, or environmental exposure.
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes.
What is the role of white blood cells?
Engulf pathogens and produce antibodies.
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
What is aerobic respiration?
Produces ATP by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing less energy and causing lactic acid accumulation.
What are ecosystems?
Interactions between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors.
What are material cycles?
Processes like the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle that recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
What is diffusion?
Passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration.
What is active transport?
The movement of particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
What is genetics?
The study of heredity, genes, and the process by which traits are passed down through generations.
What is meiosis?
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes (sperm and egg cells).
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
What is independent assortment?
Random distribution of chromosomes to gametes.
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides, each including a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).
What is complementary base pairing?
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, creating the base pairs that make up the DNA ladder.
What is transcription?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
What is translation?
mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosome, with tRNA bringing amino acids to link together.
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can spread through various means.
What are bacterial diseases?
Diseases like tuberculosis caused by bacteria that release toxins or damage host tissues.
What are viral diseases?
Diseases like influenza that replicate within host cells, causing cell damage.
What are fungal diseases?
Diseases caused by fungi that can infect skin or internal organs.
What are parasitic diseases?
Diseases where parasites live on or in a host, often causing harm.
What are non-communicable diseases?
Diseases not caused by pathogens, including conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
What are physical barriers in the immune system?
Skin, mucous membranes, and other barriers that prevent pathogen entry.
What role do white blood cells play in immunity?
Phagocytes engulf pathogens, while lymphocytes produce antibodies.
What is vaccination?
Vaccines introduce a harmless form of the pathogen, prompting the immune system to create memory cells.
