Biology Plant Lab Quiz 1

Question 1

chytrids

Answer 1

aquatic
flagella and centrioles
either
-flagellated unicells
-coenocytic hyphae that form zoospores and gametes w/ 1 whiplash flagellum

Question 2

zygomycota

Answer 2

coenocytic hyphae
asexual spores formed inside a sporangium
sexual reproduction by fusion of isomorphic multinucleate gametangia to produce thick-walled (resistant) zygospores
zygotic meiosis

Question 3

sporangiophores

Answer 3

stalks with sporangia on top

Question 4

rhizoids

Answer 4

anchor sporangiophores into the substrate

Question 5

heterothallic

Answer 5

requiring genetically different “bodies” to mate

zygomycota

Question 6

gametangia

Answer 6

end of a hypha cut of from the rest by a septum

Question 7

conjugation

Answer 7

zygomycota
gametangia grow toward each other from + and - mating types
when they touch the walls are dissolved and the gametangia unite to form a multinucleate zygote
isogamous because the gametangia are alike in form

Question 8

conidial

Answer 8

not a true taxonimic group
no form of sexual reproduction is known
asexual spores not protected in a sporangium
-produced as chains of cells cut off at the tips of specialized hyphae
–spores are called conidia

Question 9

conidiophores

Answer 9

hyphae that produce conidia

Question 10

2 patterns to conidial spore clusters

Answer 10

penicillium
-resembles a brush
aspergillus
-spherical

Question 11

ascomycota

Answer 11

"sac fungi"
septate hyphae or grow as yeasts
produce sexual spores (ascospores) in a sac-like structure
-the ascus
most hyphal species form asexual conidia
homo- or heterothallic

Question 12

male vs female ascomycota

Answer 12

female
-ascogonium has a small “receptive” hair-like projection, the trichogyne
male
-antheridium arises near the ascogonium so that it eventually touches the trichogyne

Question 13

ascomycota reproduction

Answer 13

pore is formed at the place of contact and the male nuclei pass into the ascogonium where they pair, but do not unite, with the female nuclei (plasmogamy)
-ascogenous (ascus generating) hyphae develop from the ascogonium

Question 14

ascogenous hypha

Answer 14

contains a male and female nucleus - dikaryotic

Question 15

other ascomycetes

Answer 15

lack specialized gametangia and form dikaryotic cells when conidia of one mating type contact hyphae of another type

Question 16

ascocarp function

-types

Answer 16

protective structure around ascogenous hyphae
types
-apothecium - cup or saucer shaped (often macroscopic)
-perithecium - flask shaped with a pore (usually very small)
-cleistothecium - spherical with no pore (usually tiny, even microscopic)

Question 17

cells at the tips of the ascogenous hyphae develop into

Answer 17

asci

Question 18

result of fertilization in each ascus

Answer 18

meiosis takes place, forming 4 haploid nuclei
-these 4 nuclei divide once mitotically, forming 8 nuclei
wall is laid down around each nucleus
result is 8 ascospores in a sac-like ascus

Question 19

basidiomycota

Answer 19

"club fungi"
septate hyphae
saprophytes or mycorrhizal
some are important plant parasites
asexual reproduction involves conidia
no distinct gametangia
all have sexual spores borne externall on a special structure, the basidium (club)
-called basidiospores

Question 20

basidiomycota species

Answer 20

homo- and heterothallic

Question 21

basidiomycota life cycle

Answer 21

plasmogamy (usually the fusion of hyphae) occurs early in the life cycle, so these fungi are dikaryotic most of their lives
dikaryotic mycelium forms young basidia
two nuclei of the basidium unite (karyogamy) to form a diploid nucleus (zygote)
meiosis occurs and the resulting haploid nuclei migrate into four tiny projection son the basidium and are pinched off as the four external basidiospores

Question 22

basidiocarps

Answer 22

many club fungi form these
macroscopic
include the gill fungi (mushrooms)
the “fruiting body”

Question 23

lichens

Answer 23

recognizable “organisms” made up of fungi (usually an ascomycete) and a green alga or cyanobacterium
growth conditions must be bad for both partners to maintain this symbiotic association

Question 24

main forms of lichens

Answer 24

crustose - crust-like “body” adhering tightly to rocks or tree trunks
foliose - leaf-like form readily separated from the substrate
fruticose - branched form with cylindrical or flattened branches

Question 25

heterotrophic protists

Answer 25

features that seem fungus-like

Question 26

plasmodial slime molds

Answer 26

eukaryotic heterotrophs which have two very different stages in the life cycle

Question 27

plasmodial slime molds life cycle stages

Answer 27

vegetative (feeding) stage
-ameoboid (or sometime sflagellated) and have phagotrophic nutrition
reproductive stage
-form spores with rigid walls, often containing cellulose, not chitin

Question 28

plasmodium

Answer 28

mass of multinucleate cytoplasm, capable of creeping on a solid surface
colorless or pigmented
may round up into a dry resting stage, the sclerotium in unfavorable conditions
-can remain alive in this condition for years before again becoming a plasmodium
under other conditions the plasmodium piles up and produces sporangia

Question 29

plasmodial slime mold sporangia

Answer 29

sessile or stalked
meiosis occurs in the sporangium and haploid walled spores are formed
spores are scattered by wind and eventually germinate into swarmers, which may be flagellated or amoeboid
cells feed and digest several times, producing numerous unicellular progeny, some of which may function as gametes
zygotes are amoeboid, not flagellated
each one can produce a new plasmodium by growing and becoming multinucleate, or several may flow together to form a plasmodium

Question 30

stramenopila

Answer 30

tensile type flagella

-usually 2 flagella - 1 whiplash, 1 tensile

Question 31

oomycota

Answer 31

“water molds:
absorptive heterotrophs, like the fungi, but their cell walls contain some cellulose
coenocytic hyphae
aquatic or at least depend on water for reproduction
zoospores have 2 flagella - tensile and whiplash

Question 32

oomycota reproduction

Answer 32

oogamous
-two types of gametes
zygote forms a thick wall and becomes a resting spore

Question 33

Saprolegnia

Answer 33

one of the “water molds”
common saprophyte in clear water and soil habitats
hyphae are diploid
oogonia
-female gametangia
-large, globose cells which undergo meiosis to form one to several large, nonmotile eggs which have no cell walls
antheridia - male gametangia
-much small and just modified hyphal tips, cut off by septa