Biology Physics

Question 1

Mitosis

Answer 1

Type of cell division where a single body cell divides once into two identical diploid daughter cells

-Chromosomes stay same.
-repairs damaged/dead cells.

Question 2

Mitosis Stages

Answer 2

Interphase, cell prepares for division
Prophase, Chromosomes condense
Metaphase, Chromosomes align at middle
Anaphase, Sister chromatids separate
Telophase, Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
Cytokinesis, splitting into two daughter cells.

(IPMATC)

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

Type of cell division of a diploid cell dividing twice to produce 4 unique haploid cells (gametes).

-halving the number of chromosomes the gametes are receiving

• chromosomes cross over

Question 4

Meiosis Stages

Answer 4

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anapase II
Telophase II

(PMAT I) (PMAT II)

Question 5

Asexual reproduction

Answer 5

results in cloned offspring that have an identical genetic makeup to their parent. Clones arise from mitosis of the parent cells.

Question 6

Sexual reproduction

Answer 6

Organisms which sexually reproduce possess gametes. Gametes : eggs.

Gametes produced by meiosis.

Question 7

Base Pairs

Answer 7

A-T
(adenine, thymine)
C-G
(cytosine, guanine)

Question 8

Relationship between a gene and a chromosome

Answer 8

Genes make up DNA.
DNA makes up chromosomes.

Genes are contained in chromosomes, which are in the cell nucleus.

Question 9

Chromatin & Chromatid

Answer 9

Chromatin: the DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus.
Chromatid: One half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.

Question 10

Genotype & Phenotype

Answer 10

the genotype refers to the type of alleles in organisms, while the phenotype is physical traits and characteristics of the allele.

Question 11

Scalar Quantity

Answer 11

a physical quantity that is specified in terms of a single number of magnitude.
(Mass, length, speed, time)

Question 12

Vector Quantity

Answer 12

a physical quantity that is specified in terms of a magnitude and a direction.
(Displacement, velocity, weight, acceleration)

Question 13

Displacement

Answer 13

the change in position of an object in a specified direction.

Question 14

Velocity

Answer 14

is the speed of an object in a direction

Question 15

Acceleration

Answer 15

the rate at which velocity changes.

Question 16

Apogee

Answer 16

the highest distance an object is above the earth
(𝐸𝐾1 + 𝐸𝑃1 = 𝐸𝐾2 + 𝐸𝑃2)

Question 17

Alleles

Answer 17

Alleles are different versions of the same gene.

Each allele is found at the same location on each of the
chromosomes in the pair.

Question 18

Homozygous

Answer 18

When an organism has two alleles of the same kind

Question 19

Heterozygous (hybrids)

Answer 19

When both alleles are different

Question 20

Dominant allele

Answer 20

The allele which completely masks the other

Question 21

Recessive allele

Answer 21

The allele which is completely masked by the
dominant allele

Question 22

CO-DOMINANCE

Answer 22

a form of inheritance in which both alleles are
equally shown

Question 23

Incomplete dominance

Answer 23

the 2 alleles are not dominant or recessive, but
are a mixture of characteristics and result in a mixed phenotype

Question 24

X-LINKED GENES

Answer 24

There are many genes on the X chromosome which have no Y chromosome equivalent.

-X chromosome is
much bigger than the Y

Question 25

what do pedigrees show

Answer 25

show the phenotypes of related individuals over a number of generations. From pedigrees, the genotype of individuals can be determined.

Question 26

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Answer 26

Artificial selection is the process of humans choosing to breed organisms with desirable characteristics.

Question 27

VARIATION

Answer 27

Variation (differences in genes/traits) between individuals is important as it can lead to a change in characteristics

Question 28

SEXUAL SELECTION

Answer 28

Sexual selection involves an organisms selecting a mate possessing favourable traits. traits being passed onto offspring.

Question 29

NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 29

is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

Question 30

SPECIATION

Answer 30

is the process of one species splitting into two or more separate species into 3 steps:  variation  isolation  selection

Question 31

VARIATION

Answer 31

for speciation to occur there must be variation.

Question 32

ISOLATION

Answer 32

Isolation is required to form a new species.

Question 33

SELECTION

Answer 33

Once isolated natural selection acts on the populations leading to evolution of the two species.

Question 34

The theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by the following evidence:

Answer 34

 Fossils  Comparative anatomy  DNA Evidence  Distribution of species  Embryology

Question 35

ENERGY

Answer 35

Energy is the capacity to do work, it is measured in joules (J).

Question 36

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Answer 36

states that the energy remains constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed just transformed from one form to another

Question 37

NEWTON’S 1ST LAW

Answer 37

An object will maintain its state of rest or constant velocity motion, unless it is acted on by an external unbalanced force.

Question 38

NEWTON’S 2ND LAW

Answer 38

The acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables, the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object.

Question 39

NEWTON’S 3RD LAW

Answer 39

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction