biology part 1 vocabulary

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
the cell is the basic unit of all life
all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

controls all cells activities

Question 3

nuclear membrane

Answer 3

protects the contents of the nucleus

Question 4

nucleolus

Answer 4

makes ribosomes

Question 5

chromosomes

Answer 5

contains the genetic information of the cell, DNA in its condensed, organised form

Question 6

mitochondria

Answer 6

supply the energy of the cell

Question 7

ribosomes

Answer 7

where proteins are made

Question 8

lysosomes

Answer 8

where digestion takes place

Question 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

a network of tubes that carry materials through the cells
rough - proteins
smooth - lipids

Question 10

vacuole

Answer 10

stores nutrients, waste, and other substances
ONLY IN PLANTS

Question 11

golgi apparatus

Answer 11

sorts and packages proteins

Question 12

cytoskeleton

Answer 12

helps maintain the cells shape

Question 13

cell membrane

Answer 13

controls what goes in/out (selectively permeable)

Question 14

cytoplasm

Answer 14

holds organelles in place

Question 15

cell wall

Answer 15

provides shape, support, and protection ONLY IN PLANTS

Question 16

chloroplast

Answer 16

performs photosynthesis
ONLY IN PLANTS

Question 17

4 nitrogenous bases

Answer 17

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Question 18

chromatin

Answer 18

uncoiled, stringy, DNA

Question 19

chromatid

Answer 19

one of the identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated

Question 20

purpose of cell division

Answer 20

growth and development, repair, reproduction

Question 21

cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 21

contractile ring

Question 22

cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 22

cell plate

Question 23

diffusion

Answer 23

small dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to low until they are equally distributed… once equilibrium is reached, substances move across membrane in both directions

Question 24

osmosis

Answer 24

movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low until stable concentration is reached

Question 25

hypotonic

Answer 25

water outside > water inside, so water moves inside animal cells: burst, lysis plant cells: push against cell wall, turgid

Question 26

hypertonic

Answer 26

water outside < water inside, so water moves outside animal cells: shrivel, crenation plant cells: cytoplasm pulls away from cell wall, plasmolysis

Question 27

isotonic

Answer 27

water outside = water inside, equal concentration

Question 28

cell division checkpoints

Answer 28

early interphase - lacks nutrients to support cell growth late interphase - DNA has not replicated metaphase - chromosomes have not attached to spindle fibres or DNA is damaged

Question 29

necrosis

Answer 29

cells die because they have become damaged beyond repair, contents of the cell leak out and irritate other cells, causing swelling and redness

Question 30

apoptosis

Answer 30

cell breaks down in an organized way when its too damaged or old; programmed into the proteins that kill cells in specific situations

Question 31

metastasis

Answer 31

when cancer breaks away from the original tumour and moves to a different part of the body

Question 32

factors that influence cell specialization

Answer 32

contents of organelles/cytoplasm, environmental conditions, influence from neighbouring cells

Question 33

totipotent stem cells

Answer 33

embryonic -- can form any human body cell and capable of forming an entire embryo, found within 24 hours to 4 days

Question 34

pluripotent

Answer 34

embryonic -- can form most types of cells, found after 5 days

Question 35

multipotent

Answer 35

adult -- can only from certain types of cells, found in bone marrow or umbilical cords

Question 36

induced pluripotent stem cells

Answer 36

reprogrammed stem cells to become pluripotent