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Year 11 Revision > Biology Paper 1 Foundation > Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 Foundation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Light and electron microscopes

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2
Q

What type of microscope was invented first?

A

The light microscope.

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3
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

2000x

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4
Q

What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

A

2 million times

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5
Q

What is resolving power? (2 points)

A

The ability to tell 2 things apart.

The fineness of detail in an image.

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6
Q

What are the advantages of a light microscope? (5)

A 
Cheaper
portable
see colour
easy to use
can observe live specimens
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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of a light microscope? (3)

A

Only 2D images
low resolution
low magnification

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8
Q

What are the advantages of an electron microscope? (3)

A

3D images
high magnification
high resolution

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages to an electron microscope? (5)

A 
Very expensive
only black and white images
specimen must be dead
take up a whole room
need high levels of training to operate
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10
Q

What is an order of magnitude?

A

A number to the base of 10, used to make comparisons.

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11
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification= Image size / actual size

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12
Q

What is the formula for magnification in terms of the actual size of an image?

A

Actual size= Image size/magnification

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13
Q

What is the formula for magnification in terms of image size?

A

Image size= magnification x actual size

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14
Q

The ability to tell two objects (that are close together) apart is called the?

A

Resolving power/resolution

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15
Q

The type of microscopes found in secondary schools is a:

A

Light microscope

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16
Q

The type of microscope only found at universities or research labs is the:

A

Electron microscope

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17
Q

What are the 5 parts of an animal cell?

A 
Cell membrane 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Mitochondria 
Ribosome
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18
Q

What does a cell membrane do?

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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19
Q

What part of the cell controls what enters and exits the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus of the cell? (2 points)

A

Controls the activities of the cell
Holds the DNA
NOT the brain

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21
Q

What part of the cell controls the activities of the cell?

A

The nucleus

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22
Q

Where is the DNA stored in the cell?

A

In the nucleus

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23
Q

What is cytoplasm? (2 points)

A

Jelly-like substance that fills the cell.

Where the reactions of the cell take place.

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24
Q

What is the jelly like substance that fills the cell called?

A

The cytoplasm

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25
Q

Where do reactions inside the cell take place?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondria?

A

Where respiration takes place, so the cell has energy for what it needs to do.

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27
Q

Where does respiration take place in the cell?

A

In the mitochondria.

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28
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs (where proteins are made)

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29
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

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31
Q

What may be in a plant cell but never in an animal cell? (3 points)

A

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens the cell and helps it to keep its shape.

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33
Q

What strengthens the cell and helps it keep its shape?

A

The cell wall

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34
Q

What is a plant cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

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35
Q

What part of the cell is made from cellulose?

A

Cell wall

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36
Q

In what type of cell would you find a cell wall?

A

Plant cells and prokaryotic cells (bacterial cells)

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the permanent vacuole?

A

To store things for the cell and to keep the cell rigid.

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38
Q

What part of the cell keeps it rigid?

A

The permanent vacuole

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39
Q

What part of the plant cell is filled with cell sap?

A

The permanent vacuole.

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40
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place.

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41
Q

Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts.

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42
Q

What part of the cell contains chlorophyll?

A

Chloroplasts

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43
Q

What is the scientific term for both plant and animal cells.

A

Eukaryotic cells

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44
Q

What is the scientific term for bacterial cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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45
Q

What type of organism is a prokaryote?

A

A bacteria

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46
Q

What type of organism is a eukaryote?

A

A plant or animal

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47
Q

What to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

A

Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm

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48
Q

What makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus. They also have a cell wall not made from cellulose.

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49
Q

What is a small loop of DNA called?

A

A plasmid

50
Q

What type of cell might have a plasmid?

A

A prokaryotic cell

51
Q

A millimetre is how many orders of magnitude smaller than a meter?

A

3

52
Q

A micrometer is how many orders of magnitude smaller than a meter?

A

6

53
Q

A nanometer is how many orders of magnitude smaller than a meter?

A

9

54
Q

What is the symbol for nanometer?

A

nm

55
Q

What is the symbol for micrometer?

A

The weird u

56
Q

What is differentiation in relation to cells?

A

When a cell changes to become a specific type of cell to do a specific job.

57
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair like structures on the surface of some cells.

58
Q

What are the hair like structures on some cells called?

A

Cilia

59
Q

What do cilia do?

A

They push substances past the surface of the cell, for example sweep mucus away from the lungs

60
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

Stem cells

61
Q

What is it called when a cell changes to become a specific type of cell to do a specific job.

A

Cell differentiation

62
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell?

A

To carry the male’s DNA to the female’s egg cell to allow for reproduction.

63
Q

What type of cell carries the male DNA to the female egg cell?

A

Sperm cell

64
Q

Why does a sperm cell have a tail?

A

In order to swim to reach the egg

65
Q

What specialization allows a sperm to reach the egg? (2 points)

A 
A tail (flagellum) to help it swim
Lots of mitochondria to give it enough energy
66
Q

Why does a sperm cell have lots of mitochondria?

A

To give it enough energy to swim all the way to the egg.

67
Q

What specialization does a sperm cell have to get into the egg (after it gets there)

A

Enzymes in its acrosome (head) to digest the outer layers of the egg.

68
Q

What type of specialized cells carry electrical impulses from one area of the body to another?

A

Nerve cells

69
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical impulses (signals) from one area of the body to the other.

70
Q

What are some specializations that nerve cells have to help them do their job? (2 points)

A

A long axon to reach long distances.

Tiny finger-like dendrites to connect to other nerve cells.

71
Q

When does most of the differentiation happen in human cells?

A

In the womb as an embryo.

72
Q

Where are root hair cells found?

A

On the surface of plant roots

73
Q

What type of specialized cells are found on the surface of plant roots?

A

Root hair cells

74
Q

What are some specializations of a root hair cell (3)

A
  • large vacuole to increase absorption of water
  • many mitochondria for energy for active transport
  • long thin shape to increase surface area to volume ratio
75
Q

Why does a root hair cell have a large surface area?

A

To allow for more transport to take place across the membrane

76
Q

Why does a root hair cell have a large vacuole?

A

To increase the rate of osmosis

77
Q

Why does the root hair cell have many mitochondria?

A

To provide energy for active transport of mineral ions into the cell

78
Q

When are plant cells able to differentiate?

A

Throughout their lives

79
Q

The cells of which type of organism are able to differentiate throughout their lives?

A

Plant cells

80
Q

What type of plant tissue is undifferentiated?

A

Meristem tissue

81
Q

What do xylem cells transport?

A

Water through the plant

82
Q

What are the walls of xylem cells made from?

A

Lignin

83
Q

What cells carry water through a plant?

A

Xylem cells

84
Q

What type of differentiated plant cells are not alive when carrying out their function?

A

Xylem cells

85
Q

Tubes of which type of cells have no ends so that substances call flow easily?

A

Xylem cells

86
Q

What type of specialized cell carries dissolved sugars through a plant?

A

Phloem cells

87
Q

What specializations do phloem cells have to help them carry out their function? (2)

A
  • sieve plates between neighbouring cells to allow movement of solutions from cell to cell
  • Companion cells with lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the active transport of sugars.
88
Q

What do phloem cells carry?

A

Dissolved sugars through a plant

89
Q

True or false: Phloem cells are dead when they carry out their function?

A

False, they are alive. Xylem cells are dead.

90
Q

When looking at a cell through a microscope, what is usually the largest organelle you can see?

A

The nucleus

91
Q

How can you tell the difference between a plant and an animal cell under a microscope?

A
  • Plant cells are more square/fixed in their shape because of their cell walls
  • If they have green chloroplasts they will be plant cells
92
Q

What is the part of a microscope called that you look through?

A

The eyepiece

93
Q

What position should the stage be in when you first put a slide on a microscope?

A

The lowest position

94
Q

What is the name of the part of the microscope where you put the slide?

A

The stage

95
Q

What objective lens should you use first to see the specimen?

A

The lowest power objective lens (the lowest number)

96
Q

What should you do if the image in a microscope isn’t clear?

A
  • Turn the focusing wheel to try to focus the image

- Clean the lens with a special wipe

97
Q

What do you need to remember when making a scientific drawing? (4)

A
  • Use pencil
  • Use shading only to distinguish different structures
  • Use straight lines to label your drawing
  • Write the magnification if using a microscope.
98
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

1) Interphase
2) Mitosis
3) Cell division

99
Q

What happens during interphase? (3)

A
  • The cell grows
  • organelles like ribosomes and mitochondria double
  • DNA is replicated
100
Q

What happens during mitosis? (2)

A
  • One set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell

- The nucleus divides

101
Q

What happens during the cell division stage of the cell cycle? (2)

A
  • The cell membrane, organelles, and cytoplasm divide

- Two identical cells form

102
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it’s life?

A

Interphase

103
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does a cell grow?

A

Interphase

104
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does a cell replicate it’s DNA?

A

Interphase

105
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes pulled to each end of the cell?

A

Mitosis

106
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle do the cell membranes, organelles and cytoplasm divide?

A

Cell division

107
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does the cell increase the number of ribosomes and mitochondria?

A

Interphase

108
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide?

A

Mitosis

109
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle do two identical cells form?

A

Cell division

110
Q

What type of cells come out of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells

111
Q

What is a cell that is about to divide called?

A

A parent cell

112
Q

What makes a cell diploid?

A

Having 2 (double) sets of chromosomes

113
Q

What is the process that produces two identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

114
Q

What are three uses of mitosis?

A
  • growth
  • repair of damaged tissue
  • asexual reproduction
115
Q

What type of cell division is used for growth and repair of tissues?

A

Mitosis

116
Q

What type of cell division is used in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

117
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell in an organism

118
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults?

A

Bone marrow

119
Q

What are the two types of animal stem cells?

A
  • embryonic stem cells

- adult stem cells

120
Q

What is special about stem cells?

A

They are able to become any type of cell through differentiation.

121
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

In the meristem tissue

122
Q

What are clones?

A

Organisms that are genetically identical

Year 11 Revision (3 decks)

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