Biology Paper 1 - AQA Flashcards
What is a tissue?
Tissue is one type of cell, carrying out one function
What is an organ?
And organ is made up from different tissues, carrying out a joint function
What is an organ system?
And organ system are groups of organs that carry out a function
What does the mouth do in the digestive system?
Mechanical breakdown
What does the salivary gland produce?
It produced amylase
What does the liver produce and what does this thing do?
- Produced bile
- Bile emulsifiers fats neutralises stomach acid
What does the gall bladder store?
Stores bile
What does the small intestine move and where to?
Moves glucose, ions etc into blood
What does the stomach do?
- chums up food
- stomach acid (HCl) kills bacteria
- provides environment for protease to work
What does the pancreas produce?
Produces enzymes
What does the large intestine do?
Removes excess water
Purpose of rectum and anus?
Gets rid of waste food
Lipase breaks down _____ into _______made in _______works in ______.
What goes in the gaps?
Lipase Breaks down (fats) Into (fatty acids + glycerol) Made in (pancreas, small intestine) Works in (small intestine)
Protease breaks down ______ into ________ made in ________ works in ______.
What goes into the gaps?
Protease Breaks down (proteins) Into (amino acids) Made in (stomach, pancreas, small intestine) Works in (stomach, small intestine)
Amylase breaks down _____ into _____ made in _____ works in ______.
What goes into the gaps?
Amylase Breaks down (starch) Into (sugars) Made in (salivary gland, pancreas, small intestine) Works in (mouth, small intestine)
Stem cells are _________ and can become _________.
What is missing?
Stem cells are undifferentiated and can become specialised.
Where do adult stem cells come from?
+other info
Bone marrow
- can’t be turned into many types of cell
- painful to extract
Positives to embryonic stem cells?
Positives - can differentiate into everything - can be used to treat Parkinson's and organ failure Issue - but there are ethical issues
Controversy of using embryonic stem cells?
- human embryos created + destroyed
- religious objections
What is the method used for stem cells?
- nuclei removed from egg cell
- nuclei from patient cell inserted into empty egg
- egg starts to develop into embryo
- stem cells removed from embryo
- stem cells turned into new cell
Uses of stem cells?
- treating Parkinson’s - growing new brain cells
- bone and spinal injury - growing new bone cells
- organ failure - growing new organs/ parts of organs
What is diffusion?
- the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from and area of high concentration to a low concentration.
What is active transport?
Movement across membrane from low to high concentration.
Where does the blood enter the heart?
Vena cava
Where does the blood go after entering the heat through the vena cava?
Into the right atrium
After the blood passes the right atrium it goes down through a valve into where?
The right ventricle
What does the blood go through to get into the lungs after the right ventricle?
pulmonary artery
What does the blood comes back to the heart from the lungs through?
pulmonary veins
Where does the blood go after the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
Where does the blood go after the left atrium?
Left ventricle
What is the blood pumped to the rest of the body through?
aorta
What do valves do?
Valves only allow blood to flow through and controls the blood flow
Why is the right side of the heart smaller?
Only needs to pump blood to lungs which is a short distance
Why is the left side of the heart bigger?
It has to be able to pump blood through the body which is a big distance
Equation for photosynthesis?
Water + carbon —> oxygen + glucose
6H2O + 6CO2 —> 6O2 + C6H12O6
Is photosynthesis exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic
Is respiration exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
What is exothermic?
Energy is given out
What is endothermic?
Takes in energy
What will glucose from photosynthesis be stored as?
Starch
Example - potatoes
What does anaerobic respiration mean?
Without oxygen
What does anaerobic respiration turn glucose into?
Glucose —> lactic acid
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Yeast + glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol
Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing?
Oxygen debt which can make you breath heavily
What is metabolism?
Rate that chemical reactions take part in your body
How does your stomach protect you?
Acid kills bacteria
How does your nose, trachea and bronchi protect you?
Have mucus and hairs
How does skin protect you?
It’s a barrier
How to your eyes protect you?
Uses tears
