Biology Paper 1 - Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards
‘Lock And Key’ Theory
The substrate binds on to the active site of the enzyme, they fit complementary to each other. Almost like a Key fitting a Lock.
Sites Of Production Of Amylase, Protease And Lipase
Amylase : Salivary glands, Pancreas
Protease : Stomach, Pancreas and Small Intestine
Lipase : Pancreas and Small Intestine
Amylase Breaks Carbohydrates Into…
Simple sugars
Protease Breaks Proteins Into…
Amino Acids
Lipase Breaks Lipids Into…
Glycerol + Fatty Acids
Bile
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It is alkaline to
neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat
to form small droplets which increases the surface area. The alkaline
conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by
lipase.
The Heart
Organ that pumps blood around the body in a double
circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where
gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the
rest of the body.
Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from heart to the rest of the body.
They have thick walls and run close to the surface of the Skin.
Veins
Carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart.
Thin walls and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Capillaries
Huge network of tiny vessels which link the arteries and veins.
Oxygen and glucose can diffuse out of bloodstream and into cells easily due to very thin walls.
The Aorta
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the body in a big artery called the Aorta.
Vena Cava
A large vein carrying de-oxygenated blood into the Heart.
Pulmonary Artery
The artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Pulmonary Vein
A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Coronary Arteries
An artery supplying blood to the heart.
Coronary Heart Disease
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the
coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood
through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart
muscle.
Treating Coronary Heart Disease
- Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries open.
- Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
- Bypass Surgery replacing the narrow Coronary arteries, with bits of vein from other parts of body.
- In the case of heart failure a donor heart, or heart and lungs can be transplanted. Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery.
Leaky Valve Replacement
Mechanical valves are made from Titanium and polymers - last a long time.
However, you need to take medicine for the rest of your life to prevent blood clots.
Biological valves are from other animals and do not require medicine.
However, they only last 12-15 years.