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biology paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer

A

a repeating simple molecular unit

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2
Q

hydrolysis reaction and condensation rection definitions important and on

A

hydrolysis - breaks a chemical bond

condensation reaction - forms a chemical bond

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3
Q

which part of 2 alpha glucoses for a glycosidic bond

A

the OH on one and the H on the others OH

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3
Q

biochemical test for a non reducing sugar

A
  1. heat with HCL
  2. neutralize with NaOH
  3. heat with benedicts solution
  4. pos result is a brik red ppt from a clue solution
    (can be a different color depending on conc)
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4
Q

why the use of a colorimeter improves the repeatability of the results for a benedicts

A

quantitative result
standardizes the method

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5
Q

instead of using a colorimeter how workout the quantity of reducing sugar in the solution

A
  1. filter and dry the ppt
  2. find the mass/ weight (weigh it)
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6
Q

disaccharides (3 of them)

A

sucrose - glucose and fructose
lactose - galactose and glucose
maltose - glucose and glucose

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7
Q

differences between cellulose and glycogen

A

cellulose beta glucose AND glycogen is made of alpha glucose

cellulose is straight chain AND glycogen is branched

cellulose is straight chain AND glycogen is coiled

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8
Q

2 features of starch that make it a good storage molecule

A
  1. insoluble in water - so doesn’t effect water potential
  2. coiled - make the molecule compact
  3. branched - more endos for faster break down action as more enzymes can attach
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9
Q

glycogen acting as a source of energy

A

hydrolyzed into alpha glucose

glucose is used in respiration to make ATP

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10
Q

difference in starch and cellulose from the finger

A

displacement reactions with group 7 17
ionic titrations

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11
Q

starch adapted to function in a plant cell

A

insoluble - doesn’t effect water potential
helical - compact
large molecule - cant leave the cell

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12
Q

emulsion test

A
  1. add ethanol
  2. shake
  3. THEN add water

pos : milky white emulsion

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13
Q

important thing to remmeber if it asks you how to calculate a percentage

A

must state multiply by 100 at the end

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14
Q

what peptidase hydrolysis the peptide bond that is not at the end

A

endopeptidase

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15
Q

anything enzyme questions

A

COMPLIMENTRY

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16
Q

Induced fit modle and enzyme action as a catalyst

A
  1. Substrate binds to active site
  2. Enzyme substrate complex is formed
  3. Active site changes shape slightly so that is complimentary to the substrate
  4. Reduces the activation energy
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17
Q

Procedure to stop an enzyme catalysed reaction

A

Boil or add a strong acid/alkali to denatured the enzyme

Or freeze.
So no collisions as lower ke meaning no complexes formed

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18
Q

Enzyme questions important point

A

Enzyme - substrate complexes

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19
Q

Weight gain questions

A

Less hydrolysis of starch
Less maltose
Meaning Less absorption of glucose
Means Less weight gain

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20
Q

how an active site if an ezyme causes a high rate of reaction

A
  1. lowers activation energy
  2. induced fit causes active site of the enzyme to change
  3. enzyme substrate complex of formed - cause bond to form / break/ causes strain on the bonds
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21
Q

protein test

A
  1. add biuret reagent
  2. pos result = purple
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22
Q

similarity and differences between dipeptides

A

similarity
consists of two amino acids
joined by a peptide bonds
all made of amino acids with a amine group
all made of amino acids with a carboxyl group
two r groups
contain carbon ad hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen

difference
differ in the amino acid they contain
amino acids diffrent r groups

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23
Q

why non competitive inhibitor

A

because as substrate concentration increases rate stays the same - as the enzymes have been denatured

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24
Q

how peptide bond formed

A

condensation reaction between the amine group of one ammino acid and the carboxylic group of another

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25
Q

enzyme substrate complexes

A

reduces the activation energy

due to bending bonds

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26
Q

non completive inhibitor - can increase rate

A

bond alters the tertiary structure of the enzyme
causes the active site to change
more successful enzyme substrate complexes

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27
Q

when DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds

A

DO NOT write HYDROLYSIS

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28
Q

role of single stranded template in DNA replication

A

determine the order of nucleotides in the complimentary new strand

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29
Q

DNA good for semi conservative replication

A
  1. weak hydrogen bonds between molecules - easily broken
  2. tow strands -can both act as a template strand
  3. complimentary base pairing all accurate replication
30
Q

why DNA polymerase works in different directions

A
  1. DNA strands run antiparallel
  2. shape of the nucleotide is different - IMPORTANT STATE
  3. enzymes active site is a specific shape
  4. only substrate with complimentary shape can bind to the enzyme and form enzyme substrate complexes

can mention DNA polymerase moves in the 5 prime to 3 prime direction

31
Q

control factors in patient experiments

A

BMI, age, sex/gender, other/previous medications, ethnicity, diet,
exercise, health (issues)

32
Q

Sodium ions role

A
  1. Co-transport of glucose/amino acids (into cells);
  2. (Because) sodium moved out by active transport/Na – K pump;
  3. Creates a sodium concentration/diffusion gradient;
  4. Affects osmosis/water potential;
33
Q

phosphate ions roles

A
  1. Affects osmosis/water potential;
    Accept 5. OR 6. – not both
  2. Joins nucleotides/in phosphodiester bond/in backbone of
    DNA/RNA/in nucleotides;
  3. Used in/to produce ATP;
    Reject ‘energy produced’
  4. Phosphorylates other compounds (usually) making them more
    reactive;
  5. Hydrophilic/water soluble part of phospholipid bilayer/membrane;
34
Q

iron ions

A

Iron ions
1. Hemoglobin binds/associates with oxygen
OR
Hemoglobin transports/loads oxygen;

35
Q

Describe how an ATP molecule is formed from its component molecules.

A
  1. adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
  2. joined by a condensation reactions
  3. ATP synthase catalysis
36
Q

shorter muscle

A

means more muscle contraction as more ATP so more energy

37
Q

reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase equation

A

ADP + Pi ⟶ ATP + H2O

38
Q

Explain five properties that make water important for organisms.

A
  1. A metabolite in condensation/hydrolysis/ photosynthesis/respiration;
  2. A solvent so (metabolic) reactions can occur
    OR
    A solvent so allowing transport of substances;
  3. High (specific) heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
  4. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through
    evaporation);
  5. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water
    (in plants);
    ’
  6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension
    supporting (small) organisms;
39
Q

high specific heat capacity

A

buffers changes in temperature

Can gain / lose a lot of heat / energy without changing temperature;

40
Q

water why usefull in cell

A

Polar molecule - Acts as a (universal) solvent

(Universal) solvent;
(Metabolic) reactions occur faster in solution;

41
Q

reason cannot identify a microorganism with a light microscope

A

Resolution (too) low;
2. Because wavelength of light is (too) long;

42
Q

what does a long wavelength in a light microscope mean

A

low resolution

43
Q

organelle used in digesting (a bacteria)

A
  1. Lysosomes;
  2. Fuse with vesicle;
  3. (Releases) hydrolytic enzymes;
44
Q

two structures found in all prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

cell surface membrane

ribosomes

cytoplasm

DNA

45
Q

Give features of the chloroplast that allows protein to be synthesised
inside the chloroplast and describe one difference between this feature in
the chloroplast and similar features in the rest of the cell.

A

Ribosomes ( in the stroma)
4. Are smaller than cytoplasmic ribosomes;

DNA;
2. Is not associated with protein/histones

46
Q

Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of
proteins from eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. DNA in nucleus is code (for protein);
  2. Ribosomes/rough endoplasmic reticulum produce (protein);
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis);
  4. Golgi apparatus package/modify;
    OR
    Carbohydrate added/glycoprotein produced by Golgi apparatus;
  5. Vesicles transport
    AQA Biology A-Level - Cell Structure and Microscopy MS PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
    OR
    Rough endoplasmic reticulum transports
  6. (Vesicles) fuse with cell(-surface) membrane;
47
Q

WHY NUCLEUS IS NOT SEEN IN A TEM of a plant cell

A

A section/slice (so nucleus in another part of cell)
OR
(Nucleus) not stained;

48
Q

what are the cell wall made of indifferent cells

A

plant = cellulose
algae = cellulose prokaryotes = murein
fungi = chitin

49
Q

the gelly like coating on the outside of bacteria cells

A

capsule

50
Q

man biological molecule in a bacteria cells wall

A

murein/ glycoprotein

51
Q

TEMs copaired to optical microscope

A
  1. TEM use electrons and optical use light;
  2. TEM allows a greater resolution;
  3. (So with TEM) smaller organelles / named cell structure can be
    observed
  4. TEM view only dead / dehydrated specimens and optical (can)
    view live specimens;
  5. TEM does not show colour and optical (can);
  6. TEM requires thinner specimens;
  7. TEM requires a more complex/time consuming preparation;
  8. TEM focuses using magnets and optical uses (glass) lenses
52
Q

what word do you always have to mention with the movement of water

A

osmosis

53
Q

No organelles are visible in the cytoplasm of this red blood cell.

A

because they are filled with heamoglobin

54
Q

Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue

A

Add drop of water to (glass) slide;
2. Obtain thin section (of plant tissue) and place on slide / float on
drop of water;
3. Stain with / add iodine in potassium iodide

55
Q

binary fission process

A
  1. Replication of (circular) DNA
  2. Replication of plasmids;
  3. Division of cytoplasm (to produce daughter cells);
    Ignore genetically identical
55
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes becoming visible

because they are still condensing

56
Q

difference between endothelium and epithelium

A

Your Endothelium lines fully internal pathways that don’t interact with your outside environment. These include your blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Your epithelium, on the other hand, lines pathways that may come into contact with your outside environment. - alveoli and small intestine

57
Q

what cell walls made from

A

plants = cellulose
fungal = chitin
bacterial = meurine

58
Q

species richness

A

species richness is simply the number of species in a community.

59
Q

antibiotics has led to antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria

A

natural selection question is descies

some bacteria have the alleles for antibiotic resistance
the antibiotic is the slective pressure

those with beneficial allels undergo binaary fission /survive and repriduce

increasing the portions of Bactria with the antibiotic resistant allele in population

hospitals use more antibiotics
patients have weekend imune systems

60
Q

protien with a hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side creating a chanell in memebrane how

A
  1. Hydrophobic side next to/in/face fatty
    acids/tails
    OR
    Hydrophobic side next to/in/face
    hydrophobic (part of) phospholipid/bilayer;
  2. Hydrophilic sides allow ion movement
    through membrane
    OR
    Hydrophilic sides form a channel;
61
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells be carful if says fetures or organelles - exapmles fo features of prokaryotic

A

For 1 mark, accept any two from
Prokaryotes have
No membrane-bound organelles/correct
example
OR
(Single,) circular/loop DNA (in cytoplasm)
OR
DNA free in cytoplasm
OR
DNA not associated with proteins/histones
OR
Murein/peptidoglycan (in) cell wall;

62
Q

translocation

A

. Sucrose actively transported into phloem (cell);
OR
Sucrose is co-transported/moved with H+
into
phloem (cell);
2. (By) companion/transfer cells;
3. Lowers water potential (in phloem) and water
enters (from xylem) by osmosis;
4. ((Produces) high(er) (hydrostatic) pressure;
OR
(Produces hydrostatic) pressure gradient;
5. Mass flow to respiring cells
OR
Mass flow to storage tissue/organ;
6. Unloaded/removed (from phloem) by active
transport;

62
Q

cellulose and strach simple mark

A

. Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen/C, H
and O;

63
Q

cellulose

A

cellulose has βglucose;
PLANTS

64
Q

chromatid

A

chromatid is an identical half of a duplicated chromosome.

65
Q

cardiac cycle valves open and closed each stage

A

stage in cardiac cycle Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves
Atrial systole Open Closed
Ventricular systole Closed Open
Diastole Open Closed

66
Q

cardiac cycle - atria systole

A

Atrial systole
The walls of the atria contract
Atrial volume decreases
Atrial pressure increases
The pressure in the atria rises above that in the ventricles, forcing the atrioventricular (AV) valves open
Blood is forced into the ventricles
There is a slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume as the ventricles receive the blood from the atria

67
Q

cardiac cycle - ventricular systole

A

Ventricular systole
The walls of the ventricles contract
Ventricular volume decreases
Ventricular pressure increases
The pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the atria
This forces the AV valves to close, preventing back flow of blood
The pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the aorta and pulmonary artery
This forces the semilunar (SL) valves open so blood is forced into the arteries and out of the heart
During this period, the atria are relaxing; atrial diastole coincides with ventricular systole
The blood flow to the heart continues, so the relaxed atria begin to fill with blood again

68
Q

cardiac cycle - diastole

A

Diastole
The ventricles and atria are both relaxed
The pressure in the ventricles drops below that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, forcing the SL valves to close
The atria continue to fill with blood
Blood returns to the heart via the vena cava and pulmonary vein
Pressure in the atria rises above that in the ventricles, forcing the AV valves open
Blood flows passively into the ventricles without need of atrial systole
The cycle then begins again with atrial systole

69
Q

how is dna condensed to fit in the cells of a prokaryote

A

supercoiling

70
Q
A

Biology (2 decks)

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