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Biology Paper 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Solute mean?

A

Something which dissolves
E.g Sugar

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2
Q

What does Solvent mean?

A

The liquid which dissolves the solute

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3
Q

What does Soluble mean?

A

When a substance will dissolve

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4
Q

What does Insoluble mean?

A

When a substance cannot be dissolved

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5
Q

What does Concentrated mean?

A

A solution with many solute particles

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6
Q

What does dilute mean?

A

A solution with few solute particles

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7
Q

What is a solution?

A

The resulting mixture of solute and solvent

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8
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules .
High concentration to Low concentration

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9
Q

Where does water always move in Osmosis?

A

Water always moves to where the most solute is

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10
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Both sides of the cell membrane are at equilibrium

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11
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

A high solute

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12
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

A low solute

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13
Q

Why does water move to the high concentration of solute molecules?

A

It is where the most water is present

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14
Q

What would happen if a freshwater fish was placed in a salt water tank?

A

It would shrivel up and die as the water is moving towards the highest amount of solute which is outside the tank. The tank is hypertonic while the fish is hypotonic.

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15
Q

Sweets placed in a hypotonic solution will….

A

swell/ grow as the solution has less solute than the sweet

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16
Q

Sweets placed in a hypertonic solution will….

A

shrink as the solution has more solute than the sweet

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17
Q

Sweets placed in an isotonic solution will…

A

Be stable as the solution is at equilibrium

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18
Q

What is the equation for rate of osmosis?

A

Change in Mass (g) / Time (min) = Rate of osmosis

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19
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst that increase the speed of a chemical reaction

Protein that breaks large molecules into small molecules, helping fast digestion

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20
Q

What are the reactions of photosynthesis and how they can be absorbed?

A
  • Carbon dioxide (absorbs through leaves)
  • Water (absorbs through roots and transports to leaves)

Also need light and chlorophyll in the leaves

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21
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O light + chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

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22
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water —–> Glucose + Oxygen

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23
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

An endothermic reaction. It requires energy in the form of light

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24
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

To absorb water and minerals from the soil

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25
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A

They are 1 cell thick
They have a large surface area

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26
Q

What does the adaptation help?

A

Absorbing water quicker

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27
Q

What is active transport?

A

The carrying of dissolved molecules across a cell membrane from a lower to a higher concentration by moving up or against a concentration gradient.

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28
Q

Does Active Transport require energy?

A

Yes it gets it from mitochondria

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29
Q

Does Osmosis require energy?

A

No

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30
Q

Does Diffusion require energy?

A

No

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31
Q

Does Active transport require a membrane?

A

Yes it is semi-permeable
It requires a carrier protein

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32
Q

Does Osmosis require a membrane?

A

Yes it is a permeable membrane

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33
Q

Does Diffusion require a membrane?

A

No

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34
Q

What is a membrane?

A

The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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35
Q

What is an example of Active Transport and what does it transport?

A

Root hair cells
Minerals

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36
Q

What is an example of Osmosis and what does it transport?

A

Root hair cell
Water

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37
Q

What is an example of Diffusion and what does it transport?

A

Carbon dioxide through stomata for photosynthesis

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38
Q

What is a stomata?

A

Tiny holes found in the underside of the leaves

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39
Q

What is the concentration gradient in Active Transport?

A

Goes against the concentration gradient
Low to High

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40
Q

What is the concentration gradient in Osmosis?

A

Down a concentration gradient
High to Low

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41
Q

What is the concentration gradient in Diffusion?

A

Down a concentration gradient
High to Low

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42
Q

How would you make a rainbow rose?

A

Put the stem in the water

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43
Q

What does Transpiration mean?

A

Movement of Water
Evaporation of water from a plants surface area

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44
Q

What does Translocation mean?

A

Movement of Sugar

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45
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to the leaves

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46
Q

What is the function of the Phloem?

A

Transports sugars around the plant

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47
Q

What is the cell structure of a Xylem?

A
  • Thick cell walls
  • Hollow
  • Dead Cells
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
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48
Q

What is the cell structure of a Phloem?

A
  • Small holes at the end of cells
  • Made of living cells
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49
Q

Are Xylem cells continuous tubes?

A

No

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50
Q

Are Phloem cells continuous tubes?

A

Yes

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51
Q

What is the direction of flow in a Xylem?

A

Upwards
(roots to leaves)

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52
Q

What is the direction of flow in a Phloem?

A

Both directions

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53
Q

What is the process which substances in a Xylem are moved?

A

Osmosis
Transpiration

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54
Q

What is the process which substances in a Phloem are moved?

A

Active transport
(needs glucose for energy)
Translocation

55
Q

How do trees get enough water?

A

Through the xylem by Osmosis
They have bigger roots meaning it covers a larger surface area to absorb water

56
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell and an example?

A

A cell which has a nucleus
Animal, Plant, Yeast Cell

57
Q

What organelles are in a yeast cell?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Nucleus

58
Q

What organelles are in a plant cell?

A

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Permanent Vacuole

59
Q

What organelles are in an animal cell?

A

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria

60
Q

Cell Wall function and description
*plant cell

A

Made of cellulose
Supports cell and strengthens it

61
Q

Cell membrane function and description

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

62
Q

Nucleus function and description

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

63
Q

Cytoplasm function and description

A

Gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
It contains enzymes that control these reactions

64
Q

Mitochondria function and description

A

These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place
Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

65
Q

Ribosomes function and description

A

These are where proteins are madein the cell

66
Q

Permanent Vacuole function and description

A

Contains cell sap a weak solution of sugar and salts

67
Q

Chloroplasts function and description

A

These are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant
They contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

68
Q

What are the organelles in a Bactrial cell?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
DNA Loop
Plasmids
Slime Capsules
Flagellum
Ribosomes

69
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small rings of DNA

70
Q

Properties of Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Animal, Plant and Fungi are examples
  • Contains a nucleus
  • DNA is associated with proteins and is in nucleus
  • Not all have a cell wall but some do
  • Larger cells with diameters of 20um or more
  • Contains discrete membrane-bound organelles such as nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
71
Q

Properties of Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Bacteria and blue algae are examples
  • Cell does not have a nucleus
  • DNA is not associated with any proteins and lies free in the cytoplasm
  • A cell wall is always present
  • Extremely small with diameter between 0.5um and 5um
  • Do not contain membrane-bound organelles
72
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells adapted for a certain function

73
Q

What are stem cells?

A

A cell that can differentiate into any other type of cell

74
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells?

A

Neurone
Sperm Cell
Red Blood Cell
Root Hair Cell
Xylem Cell
Muscle Cell
Palisade Cell
Phloem Cell

75
Q

What is a Neurone and how is it adapted?

A

The nerve cell carries electrical impulses
The myelin sheath insulates the axon to carry impulses further
The denarites connect the nerve cells to each other and to muscle or sensory cells

76
Q

What is a red blood cell and how is it adapted?

A

The red blood cell transports oxygen
It has a biconcave shape which gives it a large surface area to speed up diffusion
The cell contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and gives the cell its red colour

77
Q

What is a Root Hair Cell and how is it adapted?

A

The root hair cells absorbs water from the soil via osmosis
The projection creates a large surface area for absorbing more water
The cell doesn’t contain any chloroplast as there is no light for photosynthesis

78
Q

What is the Xylem Cell and how is it adapted?

A

The xylem transports water through the plant
The xylem is not living and strengthened with lignin to help support the plant
It forms a hollow tube as there are no cell wall or membranes at the end of the cells

79
Q

What is a Sperm Cell and how is it adapted?

A

The sperm cell carries DNA to fertilise the egg cell
The tail (flagellum) allows the sperm to move
There are lots of mitochondria to release energy
The nucleus contains the genetic information

80
Q

What is a muscle cell and how is it adapted?

A

The muscle cell allow the body to move
The muscle cells are connected to the skeleton
Muscle cells contain filaments of protein that slide over each other to cause muscle contraction

81
Q

What are Palisade cell and how is it adapted?

A

The palisade cell is where the majority of photosynthesis happens
These cells contain lots of chloroplast which contain the chemical chlorophyll which causes the green colour of leaves
Palisade cells are found near the top of leaves

82
Q

What is the Phloem cell and how is it adapted?

A

The phloem transports dissolved sugars through the plant
Phloem cells have sieve end plates at the end of each cell to allow the sugars through but not the cell organelles

83
Q

What is different in an electron microscope to a light microscope?

A

Electron microscopes are…..
Bigger
3D
In Black and White
Magnify more than a light microscope - greater resolution
Electrons in place of light rays
wavelength is 100 000 times smaller
more expensive

84
Q

What is the magnification Equation?

A

I AM Triangle

Magnification= Size of image (mm) / Actual size of object

85
Q

Eyepiece Lense

A

This is the lens closest to your eye. It usually ahs a magnification of x10

86
Q

Objective Lense

A

There are 3 lenses of different strengths which can be used to magnify the image more clearly

87
Q

Stage (microscopes)

A

This is the place where you put the microscope slide
Clips hold the slide in place

88
Q

Diaphragm (microscopes)

A

Controls the amount of light that goes onto the microscope slide

89
Q

Light (microscopes)

A

The light source projects light onto the microscope slide. It can be a mirror or electric bulb

90
Q

Base (microscope)

A

This is very heavy to keep the microscope from falling over

91
Q

Arm (microscopes)

A

This holds the eyepiece lens above the stage

92
Q

Fine Focus Knob

A

This is used to focus the image so it is sharp and clear

93
Q

Coarse Focus Knob

A

This is used to focus the image so that you can see it clearly

94
Q

Factors affecting the rate of Diffusion

A
  • Difference in concentrations
  • The Temperature
  • The surface area of the membrane
95
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration

96
Q

What are the different exchange surfaces?

A

Villi
Fish Gills
The leaf
Root Hair Cells
The Lungs

97
Q

How are the Villi Adapted?

A

Increases surface area
Good Blood Supply (maintains concentration gradient)
Very Thin (allow short diffusion)

More digested food can be absorbed into bloodstream

98
Q

How are Fish Gills adapted?

A

Increased surface area by gill filaments
Very Thin (short diffusion)
Good blood supply (maintains concentration gradient - as water flows opposite way)

99
Q

How is the leaf adapted?

A

Large surface area to absorb more light
Thin allows CO2 to diffuse into leaf cells

100
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A

Covered in millions of root hairs (increases surface area)

101
Q

How is the lungs adapted?

A

Contains tiny of air sacs called alveoli
Increases surface area and has good blood supply

102
Q

What is an organism?

A

Systems working together as a living thing

103
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Organs working together to perform a specific function

104
Q

What is an organ?

A

Tissues working together to perform a specific function

105
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells

106
Q

What are the different types of tissues?

A

Muscular
Glandular
Epitheral

107
Q

What is Epitheral tissue?

A

Covers surface area of body, closely packed in one or more layers
Specialised to cover internal and external

108
Q

What is Glandular tissue?

A

Delivering hormones in the body, rich in capillaries, each cell must contact a capillary correctly

109
Q

What is Muscular tissue?

A

Specialised cell, ability to contract and conduct electrical impulses

110
Q

What does muscular tissue do in the stomach?

A

Contracts (churns food)

111
Q

What does Glandular tissue do in the stomach?

A

Releases enzymes in the stomach which contains oil

112
Q

What does Epitheral tissue do in the stomach?

A

There are 3 types
Covers internal and external

113
Q

What does Emulsification mean?

A

The process to break down

114
Q

What is Mechanical digestion?

A

Physical
E.g Teeth Chewing

115
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

E.g Enzymes

116
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

Starts digestion process
breaks food into smaller pieces
Saliva helps to swallow food

117
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

They soften the food

118
Q

What is the function of the epoglottis?

A

It is a flap of tissue which covers the windpipe
Makes sure doesn’t go down wrong tube while eating

119
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Leads from the mouth to stomach
Muscles contract pushing food down

120
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Elastic walls
Contract to churn food (3-4 hours process)
Mixes with hydrochloric acid

121
Q

What is the function of the Small intestine?

A

Lined with Villi which increases surface area and increase blood supply
Liquid travels to small intestine

122
Q

What is the function of the Large Intestine?

A

Where water is absorbed

123
Q

What is the function of the Pancreas?

A

Enzymes are produced here and released in small intestines

124
Q

What is the function of the Anus?

A

Remaining food after digestion exits

125
Q

What is the function of the Liver?

A

Bile is produced to lower PH of food leaving the stomach and emulsifies fats
Form drops= increases surface area

126
Q

What is the function of the Gall Bladder?

A

Stores Bile
Releases and neutralises stomach acid

127
Q

What is the function of the Rectum?

A

Stores feces until it’s ready to exit

128
Q

How is mechanical digestion used in the Mouth and Stomach?

A

Mouth-
Teeth breaking down the food (chewing and crushing)

Stomach-
Churning (contraction of muscle) to churn the food

129
Q

How is chemical digestion used in the Mouth, Small Intestines and Stomach?

A

Mouth-
Saliva helps you swallow your food (it adds moisture)

Stomach-
Stomach contains hydrochloric acid (Enzymes are acid)

Small Intestines-
Enzymes added and absorbs food particles

130
Q

What does the small intestines produced?

A

Enzymes

131
Q

Why is food molecules broken down?

A

Larger molecules can’t fit

132
Q

What does the term denature mean?

A

Break down or change the shape of something

133
Q

What type of reactions are enzymes involved in?

A

Photosynthesis and Respiration

134
Q

What do enzymes work like due to being specific to a reaction?

A

A lock and key

Combined Science (6 decks)

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