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GCSE Combined science Trilogy-AQA flashcards for the 2022 Exams (read desc) > Biology paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

State each stage of mitosis.

A

1) (parent)Cell replicates the number of organelles and chromosomes so the daughter cells have an equal amount.
2) the organelles and chromosomes line up along the centre
3) the cell divides
4) two new cells are made

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2
Q

Name two places where stem cells can be found.Another one for where they are found in plants.

A

bone marrow-A stem cell
Human embryos-E stem cells
Plants-meristems

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3
Q

Disadvantages of stem cells

A

Ethical and religious debates

Infectious risks.

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4
Q

Name some uses of stem cells.

A

Used to treat conditions like diabetes.Can produce clones of plants quickly.

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5
Q

What is an enzyme.

A

biological catalyst

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6
Q

List properties of enzymes.

A

Large proteins.
A Space within the enzyme is known as the active site.
Have an optimum temperature and PH where they work best.

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7
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures.

A

The bonds holding it together break which changes the shape.(It becomes denatured)

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8
Q

What is blood made of.Also name its components (blood not what its made of)

A

Plasma. RBC, WBC and platelets

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9
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Genetic material that are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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10
Q

What do chromosomes carry that control characteristics like hair and eye colour?

A

genes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have.

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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12
Q

Name the four chambers in a heart.

A

Left and right atria and the left and right ventricles

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13
Q

what prevents the back flow of blood?

A

valves

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14
Q

What chamber does the blood enter

A

Atria

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15
Q

Define diffusion

A

Net movement from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc. until they are evenly spread out.

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16
Q

Name an example of diffusion

A

-o2 and co2 in lungs, gills and plant leaves.

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17
Q

Name two treatments for CHD

A

stents to keep arteries open.

statins to reduce the blood cholesterol so that the build up of fatty materials slows down.

18
Q

what causes cancer.

A

Uncontrolled cell division.

19
Q

How are malignant tumours formed?

A

pieces of benign tumours break off and are transported by the blood where they can form in other places

20
Q

what do cells do in order to become specialised?

A

they change shape and different sub-cellular structures so that they can carry out a specific function.

21
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Medicine that doctors prescribe for certain diseases.

22
Q

what is MRSA

A

Strain of bacteria that is resistant to bacteria development.

23
Q

what are ribsome?

A

small structures in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs

24
Q

what is a vacuole?

A

fluid filled cavity in a cell that used for storage and transport

25
Q

what does cellulose do in plants

A

makes up the cell wall

26
Q

what is dna?

A

nucleic acid molecules that contain genetic information and make up chromosomes

27
Q

what is a gene and what does it do?

A

part of a chromosome, made up of dna and codes for protein

28
Q

what is therapeutic cloning

A

clones that are produced to treat diseases and are not allowed to develop into new offspring

29
Q

describe the structure and it’s function for arteries

A

artery walls are thick strong and elastic because the heart pumps out the blood at high pressure.Thick compared to lumen and elastic fibres so they can stretch.

30
Q

describe the structure and it’s function for capillaries

A

permeable walls so substances like oxygen and food diffuse in and out they take away co2.thin walls to decrease distance that diffusion has to occur over.

31
Q

describe the structure and it’s function for veins

A

bigger lumen than arteries because of the lower pressure and valves so blood flows in right direction.

32
Q

what is a vector?

A

organism that carries pathogen but does not suffer from the disease

33
Q

what is digitalis?

A

drug extracted from foxglove, used for heart problems

34
Q

what is aspirin

A

painkilling drug first extracted from the bark of willow tress

35
Q

what is penicillin

A

an antibiotic extracted from a fungus

36
Q

process of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

glucose to lactic acid

37
Q

process of anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

A

glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide

38
Q

what is lactic acid?

A

compound produced when cells respire without oxygen

39
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

oxygen deficiency cause by anaerobic respiration

40
Q

Usage of glucose in plants, other than respiration or storage

A

used to produce fat or oil for storage
used to produce cellulose, which strengthens the cell wall
used to produce amino acids for protein synthesis.

41
Q

2 factors that are not water and temperature that affect photosynthesis

A

light intensity

carbon dioxide concentration.

42
Q

why do plants need magnesium ions?

A

It is needed to synthesis chlorophyll

GCSE Combined science Trilogy-AQA flashcards for the 2022 Exams (read desc) (7 decks)

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