Biology of Stem Cells Exam III

Question 1

Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells as regenerative medicine:
A.) Uses of MSCs as drugs.
B.) Methods of receiving MSCs
C.) Cell issues to think about
D.) Efficacy and potency of these drugs

Answer 1

Outline of MSCs as drugs

Question 2

Functions: tissue maintenance and repair
A.) Form skeletal tissues(bone, cartilage, adipose
B.) Regulate homeostasis
C.) Growth promoting effects
D.) Immunomodulation

Answer 2

Many functions of MSCs

Question 3

Non skeletal uses:
Kidney, heart, liver, brain (neuron)

Skeletal uses:
Bone, cartilage, tendons, intervertebral discs

Answer 3

Tissue regeneration by MSCs

Question 4

MSCs inhibit(prevent):
1.) inflammation by blocking the proliferation and differentiating of immune cells.
2.) Apoptosis=programmed cellular death
3.) organ fibrosis

MSCs stimulate/promote:
1.) cell proliferation by stimulating cell mitosis
2.) Angiogenesis of the tissue by secreting factors that induce the blood vessel formation.

Answer 4

Potential mechanisms to explain the therapeutic effects of MSC treatments in non-skeletal application

Question 5

IV injection
surgical transplantation
injection directly into tissue

Answer 5

delivery of MSCs as drugs

Question 6

Injected MSCS
Homing
A.) Site of injury
B.) Bone marrow: will the MSCs be able to differentiate into the cell type you need?

Trapped and die in the lungs
IV injection

Answer 6

MSCs: cells as drugs

Question 7

Issues: IV injection requires homing to the injured tissues. There have been many good studies demonstrating that injected MSCs home to injured sites. It has been well demonstrated that the MSCs get trapped in the lungs. When the MSCs get to the proper site, will they properly differentiate into the cell type needed?

Answer 7

MSCs as drugs

Question 8

Embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation blastocyst.

Answer 8

Pluripotent stem cell sources currently being used for therapy

Question 9

Induced pluripotent stem cells created through somatic cell reprogramming.

Answer 9

pluripotent stem cell sources currently being used for therapy.

Question 10

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer derived pluripotent stem cells are predicted to be pluripotent stem cell source for therapy in the future.

Answer 10

pluripotent stem cell sources currently being used for therapy

Question 11

Must choose between making a baby or a stem cell line

Answer 11

Embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst

Question 12

Reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state

Answer 12

induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 13

Japanese researchers have had success in generating sperm and eggs from iPS cells. They created healthy mice from eggs that were generated entirely from iPS cells derived from skin. Potential fertility treatment as a source of artificial eggs.

Answer 13

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Question 14

Tumor formation, especially teratomas

Answer 14

Issue related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 15

contamination with animal derived immunologic factors

Answer 15

Issue related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cell

Question 16

Genetic and epigenetic changes to the cells from the extensive culture

Answer 16

Issue related to the clinical use of the embryonic stem cells

Question 17

ethical issues related to the destruction of human embryos

Answer 17

issue related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 18

ES cell derived differentiated cells are “foreign” cells that will be recognized and destroyed by the patient’s immune system.

Answer 18

issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 19

poor efficiency of differentiation into specific cell types

Answer 19

issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 20

iPS cells share many of these issues, but not all. Which of these are not issues for iPS cells? Which of these is more likely to be a bigger issue for iPS as compared to ES cells?

Answer 20

Issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 21

undefined stem cell biology for differentiation

Answer 21

Additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 22

Undefined methods for use in tissue engineering

Answer 22

Additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 23

Undefined functionality of the engineered tissue

Answer 23

Additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells.

Question 24

Contamination with cells from different cell fates

Answer 24

Additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 25

Scale up of culture and differentiation for use

Answer 25

Additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 26

Feasibility and cost
safety and efficacy

Answer 26

additional issues related to the clinical use of embryonic stem cells

Question 27

Dopamine secreting neurons to treat Parkinson’s

Answer 27

ES cells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells that can form every cell type in the body

Question 28

Cardiomyocytes to treat heart damage

Answer 28

ES cells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells that can form every cell type in the body

Question 29

For liver transplants

Answer 29

ES cells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells that can form every cell type in the bodyp

Question 30

Insulin secreting cells to treat diabetes

Answer 30

ES ells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells that can form every cell type in the body

Question 30

Insulin secreting cells to treat diabetes

Answer 30

ES ells and iPS cells are pluripotent stem cells that can form every cell type in the body

Question 31

Embryoid body
Co-structure with stromal cells
Culture on extracellular matrix or growth factors or treat with drugs.

Do not use teratomas

Answer 31

Three general methods to differentiate ES cells

Question 32

Adherent
Break up system cell via mechanical or enzymatic digestion
Plate pieces on non-adherent petri dishes and culture under differentiating conditions.
Floating in suspension

Answer 32

Induce 3D differentiation through Embryoid Body formation from human embryonic stem cells

Question 33

With mouse embryoid bodies, we dissociated the cells into single cells with enzymes. Sometimes, enzymatic digestion is used on human ES cells too, but typically not single stem cells.

Answer 33

Induce 3D differentiation through embryoid body through embryoid body formation from human embryonic stem cells

Question 33

With mouse embryoid bodies, we dissociated the cells into single cells with enzymes. Sometimes, enzymatic digestion is used on human ES cells too, but typically not single stem cells. Used for differentiation of several cell types including neural, cardiomyocyte, hematopoietic, B-like cells, hepatocytes, germ cell

Answer 33

induce 3D differentiation through embryoid body formation from human embryonic stem cells

Question 34

each embryoid body is composed of thousands of differentiating ES cells

Answer 34

Embryoid bodies: produce most cell types, probably because they better mimic normal development, as different in a flat monolayer.