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AP Psychology > Biology of Psychology > Flashcards

Biology of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

dendrites

A

receives messages from other cells- off the cell body

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2
Q

Soma

A

Cell body- Contains nucleus, keeps alive, controls functions of the cell

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3
Q

axon terminals

A

communicate with other nerve cells, shorter fibers, end of axon

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4
Q

glial cells

A

glial=glue- structural, holds neurons in place, structure for neuron development. Nutrients to neurons, clean up dead neuron remains, insulation for neurons, some can develop into new neurons

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5
Q

Glial cell number

A

low#=depression, high#=schitzophrenia

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6
Q

olgiodendrocytes

A

produce myelin for neurons in brain/spinal cord

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7
Q

shwann cells

A

myelin for peripheral nervous system and for the neurons of the body

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

protects and insulates

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9
Q

node

A

unmylenated- neural message jumps at mylenated section and regenerates at each node

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10
Q

MS (multiple sclerosis)

A

Lose myelin sheath, lose control over body parts

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11
Q

Charges in and out of cell

A

In cell=negative (large negative proteins and K+)

Out of cell=positive (Na+ and Cl-)

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12
Q

Diffusion

A

Travel from high to low concentration

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13
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

relative electrical charges of ions at rest

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14
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

Structures can travel through channels

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15
Q

Cell Stimulation

A

Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in. Temporary flip of charges in and out of cell. Na+ will rush back out because suddenly v positive. Na+ K pump!

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16
Q

Cell stimulation location

A

Starts at axon hillock- closest to soma, travels down neurons v fast

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17
Q

Resting potential

A

axon at rest ready for act pot

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18
Q

Threshold

A

~-65mv

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19
Q

Are some act pot stronger than others?

A

NO!!! ALL O NONE BABAy

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20
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

Have neurotransmitters, on presynaptic vesicles

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21
Q

Synapse

A

Space btw terminal and dendrite

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Travel across synapses to dendrites, go in thru ion channels (only certain shapes accepted). Go when stimulated! Can also go to other cells

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23
Q

Excitatory vs inhibitory

A

excitatory=turns cell ON!!! inhibitory=turns cell OWFFF MAN (BII FELICIA)

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24
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

neurotransmitter to muscle cells, allows muscles to contract, and slows heart contractions- inhibition=paralytition, excite em=bite em! (with back widow- causes convulsions+maybe death)

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25
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Raises BP, happier, can cause Parkinson’s or schizophrenia

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26
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Lower brain; sleep, mood, anxiety, appetite. Low amounts can cause depression. can be excitatory OR inhibitory

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27
Q

Glucamate

A

Imp role in learning/mem
Development of brain and synaptic plasticity (change connections)
Over activation- alzheimer’s, stroke

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28
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

inihibits NS- calms anxiety (binds to same sites as alcohol and tranq drugs) alcohol is antagonist for GABA

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29
Q

antagonist

A

ALWAYS blocks neurotransmitter: exc or inh

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30
Q

neuropeptides

A

influence over neurotransmitters (ex: endorphins control pain by covering pain receptor cites)

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31
Q

reuptake

A

Synaptic vesicles act as suction tubes for neurotransmitters

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32
Q

enzymatic degradation

A

neurotransmitters broken down and synaptic gap is quickly cleared

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33
Q

drugs can be…

A

antagonists or agonists

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34
Q

SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

A

Blocks serotonin from leaving synapse and enhances mood

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35
Q

afferent

A

sensory neuron- access brain: carries messages from senses to spinal cord

36
Q

efferent

A

motor neuron- exits: messages from SC to muscle/gland

37
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory + motor neurons. make up most of SC and brain.

38
Q

Reflex arc

A

doesn’t have to go all the way to brain- fast! (goes to interneuron then to efferent) use on hot stove! THEN when reaches brain, you say, “ouch!”

39
Q

neuroplasticity

A

change structure and function of brain cells in response to experiences/trauma

40
Q

salvitory/sweat glands

A

chemicals to tissues thru tiny tissues/ducts

41
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts, hormones to blood stream (then hormones fit into receptor sites at the right locations) SLOW comm sys (stimulates many things

42
Q

Pituitary gland

A

below hypothalamus, MASTA gland (influences all otha glands) and hypothalamus controls this. controls pregnancy and water levels

43
Q

oxytocin

A

controls pregnancy (contractions/milk letdown reflex-release milk)

44
Q

vasopresin

A

conserve water

45
Q

Pineal gland

A 
in back, above brain stem
biological rhythms (melatonin- sleep cycle)
46
Q

Thyroid gland

A

neck, growth and metabolism, brain + body development

47
Q

Pancreas

A

Inculin and glucagon control blood sugar (little insulin=diabetes, lots=hungry and fat)

48
Q

Gonads

A

sex glands(M&F), regulate sex behavior and reproduction (doesnt control ALL sex stuff- brain is real controller)

49
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

TWO!!! On top of kidney

50
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

epinephrine/nor-symp arousal

51
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

over 30 steroids/corticoids, regulate salt intake, help initiate and control stress reactions and provide source of sec hormones

52
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone, releases glucose and fatty acids into blood stream for energy

53
Q

parasympathetic division

A

regulate breathing and HR (brings back down after stress too)

54
Q

Somatic NS

A

VOLUNTARY muscles (soma=body), sensory pathway: carries messages from CNS to skeletal musc

55
Q

autonomic NS

A

automatic organs, muscles, glands

56
Q

sympathetic division

A

middle of spinal column
fight/flight
in SYMPATHY with one’s emotions!

57
Q

Spinal cord

A

LONG bundle of neurons
Light Out- mylenated, sends signals
Dark In- neuron cell bodies( mini brain-reflexes )

58
Q

leisoning studies

A

study damage/effect to damaged part of brain

59
Q

Brain stimulation

A

stimulate/inhibit parts of brain

60
Q

deep brain stim (DBS)

A

for disorders, electrodes in specific areas in brain

61
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

magnetic coils above head stimulates area

62
Q

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

A

scalp electrodes create currents in brain that change the excitability of neurons

63
Q

neuroimaging

A

can see brain structure and function

64
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

X rays series, slices of mapped brain, can show damage/tumors, good for metal in brain/cracked skull, not v detailed

65
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

V detailed- magnet spins H+ atoms to form image

66
Q

Diffuaion tener imaging (DTI)

A

Use MRI to highlight white and grey parts of brain

67
Q

MRI spectroscopy

A

compares normal tissue w abnormal tissue(ex:tumor)

68
Q

EEG

A

records electrical activity

69
Q

Event Related Potential - ERP

A

avg of experiments done of EEG response to stimulus(stages of cog processing)

70
Q

MET

A

SENSITIVE, reveals areas of brain activation

71
Q

PET (position emmision tomography)

A

inject radioactive glucose-see what parts are most active

72
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

DETAILED, shows what is active during certain tasks (based on O2 level)

73
Q

Principals of critical thinking

A

1) Most “truths” need testing
2) Evidence ranges in QUALITY
3) Expertise of a person does not mean they are always true
4) Have an open mind!

74
Q

Correlation

A

+=same dir
-+opp
CorrNO=causation

75
Q

corr coefficient

A

close to +or- 1.00, STRONG! close to 0=WEAK

76
Q

courtesy bias

A

give acceptable answer (SURVEYS)

77
Q

longitudinal study

A

group of ppl over time

78
Q

Cross sectional

A

diff ages and perspective

79
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

one’s behavior changes because they are part of the experiment

80
Q

confounding variable

A

often not considered, but interferes with the experiment!

81
Q

Placebo effect

A

feel what you are told you must or might feel

82
Q

observer bias

A

biased observer=wrong results

83
Q

single blind studies

A

participants dont know what group they are in

84
Q

double blind

A

participants AND experimenters oblivious to group

85
Q

Ethics of research

A

1) Rights+well being,
2) explain exp
3) limit deception
4) may withdraw @ any time
5) protected/told of risks
6) debrief
7) Confidentiality
8) reverse bad consequences!

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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