Biology Of Disease Flashcards
Pathogenesis is…
- Find the lesion
- Describe the lesion
- Recognize the basic process
- -> For the MORPHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS - Explain the mechanism
- -> Causative agent, environmental factors, host factors
Description
Describe it using lay language with the exception of correct anatomical term.
“CLASS-C”: Color, Location, Appearance, Size, Shape, Consistency
Morphologic Diagnosis
- Interpretive- make an educated guess
- “3D ATP”:
3 D’s= Degree, Duration, Distribution
A= Adjective (for inflammation usually)
T= Tissue **
P= Process ** - Inflammatory= “ITIS”
- Degenerative= “OSIS, OPATHY”
- Disorders of Growth= “TROPHY”, “PLASIA”, “OMA”
Degree
- Mild, mild exudative changes, little discernible tissue destruction
- Moderate, prominent vascular and cellular exudative changes, moderate tissue destruction
- Marked,
- Severe, Substantial tissue destruction
Duration (Inflammatory vs Non-Inflammatory)
Peracute (immediate- hrs), few cells involved
Acute (hrs-days), primarily neutrophils in inflamm.
Subacute (5d-2wk), exudative changes diminish, cell infiltration evolves from neutrophilic to mononuclear in inflamm.
Chronic (>2-3 wks), will see mononuclear infiltration, tissue regeneration, neovascularization and fibrosis (scarring)
Chronic-Active: Recurrent bouts of active inflamm superimposed on chronic inflammation. Also seen as “flare-ups”
Distribution
Focal: 1 point
Multi-Focal: Multiple points sporadic/ parenchyma intact
Coalescing: Focal pts merging together
Locally/Regionally Extensive: Multiple points throughout certain area, broadly affected
Diffuse: All of organ affected or all repeating units of an organ affected.
Disseminated: Multiple organs affected
Sclerosing
Scarring
Proliferative
Added tissue
Emphysematous
Gas present in tissue
Catarrhal
Mucus secretion
Suppurative
Pus secretion
Etiologic Diagnosis
"Diagnosis denoting cause" 2 elements: - CAUSE - TISSUE PROCESS Ex: Bacterial pneumonia (general) vs Streptococcal pneumonia (more specific)
Histopathology
Microscopic pathology w/ routine processing including formalin fixation, dehydration, paraffin embedding, 5 um sections, stains with H&E
Histo chemistry
Using special stains to analyze samples.
- Trichrome -> collagen (fibrosis) visualization
- Silver stains –> Reticular CT, some microorganisms
- PAS –> carbohydrates (includes microbes)
- Gram, Acid Fast, etc = Microbes
Immunohistochemistry
Use of antibody to ID specific epitope using colorimetric ID of bound Ig
What are potential advantages of recombinant vaccines?
- Rapid development
- Safety in manufacture and administration
- DIVA concept: Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals
WNV Vaccines
- Inactivated (Innovator)
- DNA Vaccine (Innovator DNA)
- Chimeric Vaccine (Prevenile/EquiNile)
- Vectored Vaccine (Recombitek WN)
DNA Vaccines (i.e. Innovator DNA)
- Process
- Specific of WNV
- What is the primary concern for DNA vaccines?
- How does the vaccine work once injected?
- Pros/Cons of the vaccine
- Clone gene of interest (immunogenicity gene)
- Insert gene for immunogenicity protein into EXPRESSION PLASMID behind PROMOTER and CONTROL SEQUENCES, +/- ENHANCER
- Transform E. coli with vector and grow it.
- Purify the plastic DNA from lysed bacteria.
- Inject DNA into target population.
In the case of WNV (flavivirus) the immunogenic protein the is E CAPSULE PROTEIN.
Integration of DNA being injected and integrating into host genome.
Indicates to m cells OF ANIMAL to begin making E protein, immune response generated.
+Rapid production capacity
+Thermostable
-Expensive
Chimeric Vaccines/Vectored Vaccines
- Process
- What is the primary concern for Chimeric vaccines?
- How does the vaccine work once injected?
- Pros/Cons of the vaccine
- Combine E protein for WNV into “other” RNA genome.
- Can still cause disease in immunocompromised
- Infects cells with related strain?
+DIVA discernible (ie E protein vs entire virus)
PCR
- Reactants needed
- Cylces
- Types
-DNA template, thermostable DNA polymerase, nucleotides, water/buggers, PRIMERS (= SPECIFICITY)
-Cycles:
Denaturation= break H bonds (95 deg)
Primer binding/reannealing (60 deg)
Primer extension and annealing= DNA SYNTH (72 deg)
Fibrinous
Fibrin-forming
Granulomatous
Chronic long-term inflammation
Pyogranulomatous
Chronic inflammation w/ Constant Recruitment of Neutrophils
