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Birds > Biology of birds > Flashcards

Biology of birds Flashcards

1
Q

Unique features of birds

A

Feathers
warm blooded
respiration
bill
skeleton

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2
Q

Feathers are made of

A

beta keratin

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3
Q

Stiff feathers are

A

pennaceous

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4
Q

fluffy feathers are

A

plumaceous

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5
Q

base of feathers

A

calamus

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6
Q

tail feathers attach to

A

pygostyle

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7
Q

what is the pygostyle

A

fused claudel vertebrae

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8
Q

undertail covers are called the

A

crissum

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9
Q

six types of feathers

A
  • Down
  • Power down
  • Semiplume
  • Filoplume
  • Bristle
  • Flight
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10
Q

Who has powder down feathers

A

ardeidae

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11
Q

which feather keeps growing

A

powder down

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12
Q

which feather is shaped like a feather duster

A

filoplume

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13
Q

Gland with secretions for preening

A

uropygial

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14
Q

birds that take dust bath

A

ruffed grouse
brown thrasher

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15
Q

birds that skim over water to bathe

A

swallows
flycatchers

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16
Q

birds that shower

A

woodpeckers

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17
Q

feather tracts

A

pterylae

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18
Q

spaces between pterlae

A

apteria

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19
Q

waterfowl unique plumage

A

eclipse

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20
Q

The moult from basic to alternate is the

A

pre-alternate moult

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21
Q

the moult from alternate to basic is the

A

pre-basic moult

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22
Q

Pigments come from

A

biochromes

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23
Q

2 main sources of colour

A

pigmentation and diet

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24
Q

melanin produced in

A

melanocytes

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25
Q

colours of melanin

A

brown/black, earthones

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26
Q

colours of eumelanin

A

dark colours, black/gray

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27
Q

phototoxic biochrome

A

phaeomelanin

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28
Q

where phaeomelanin is located

A

crissum

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29
Q

birds with phaeomelanin

A

bohemian waxwing

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30
Q

why white is better in snow

A

more insulation in empty follicle

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31
Q

Rare pigment in owls and tropical birds

A

porphyrin

32
Q

why porphyrin is rare

A

worn down by light

33
Q

how iridescence works

A

coherent scattering

34
Q

structural colour like blue

A

schemochrome

35
Q

Types of wings

A

high speed
high aspect ratio
elliptical
slotted high lift
owls - elliptical with modifications

36
Q

adaptations for weight reduction

A

no bladder
bones
beak (no heavy jaw)

37
Q

where flight muscles attach

A

keel

38
Q

ribs of birds have

A

overlapping bones for strength
by uncinate spur

39
Q

pectoral girdle is fused

A

clavicles, scapular and coracid

40
Q

pelvic girdle is fused

A

ilia, ischia, pubes and sunsacrum

41
Q

flight muscle

A

supracoracoideus and pectorals

42
Q

opening for tendon for flight

A

foramen triosseum

43
Q

Direct cost of producing lift

A

induced drag

44
Q

which feathers produce power stroke

A

primaries

45
Q

what acts like a bellows to move air

A

furcula

46
Q

what is the bill made of

A

keratin - rhamphotheca

47
Q

how upper mandible is moved

A

craniofascial hinge
(quadrate bone)

48
Q

How birds detect invertebrates with bill

A

Herbst corpuscles

49
Q

How hummingbirds and woodpeckers retract tongue

A

hyoid apparatus

50
Q

birds with small gizzard

A

hummingbird

51
Q

birds with large gizzard

A

turkeys

52
Q

branch of intestine to aid digestion

A

caeca

53
Q

bird that can crack a cherry seed

A

evening grosbeak

54
Q

goldfinch specialized food

A

thistle

55
Q

how bluejays crack an acorn

A

hold with feet

56
Q

adaptations of woodpeckers

A
  • less cerebral fluid
  • brain longer top to bottom
  • hyoid apparatus
  • spongey bones
  • chisel shaped bill
  • pectin airbags inside eyes
  • thicker nictitating membrane
  • extra bone in ear
  • reinforced tail
57
Q

woodpeckers that feed like flycatchers

A

redheaded

58
Q

Modifications of raptor eyes

A

more cones
retinal fovea for pursuit

59
Q

which raptors perch and pounce

A

buteos

60
Q

maneuverable raptors

A

acciptors

61
Q

raptors that stoop to kill

A

falcons

62
Q

owl adaptations for nocturnal hunting

A
  • larger eyes with more rods
  • motion parallax in head
  • can rotate neck 270 degrees
  • artery enters neck at 12th vertebrae
  • arteries joined to keep blood flow
  • fascial disc
  • asymmetrical ears
  • pile on wings
63
Q

boreal species of owl by niche partitioning

A

N. Hawk - day
Boreal - night
great gray - crepuscular

64
Q

birds that dive headfirst into water

A

kingfisher, tern, n. gannet

65
Q

bird that creates shade to attract fish

A

egret

66
Q

bird with yellow feet to attract fish

A

snowy egret

67
Q

bird with no external nares

A

n. gannet

68
Q

birds that hun fish co-operatively

A

white pelican

69
Q

birds with salt glands

A

puffin

70
Q

facultative scavengers

A

guls, eagles, raven, scarlet tanager

71
Q

adaptations of turkey vultures to scavenging

A
  • keen sense of smell
  • no septum
  • v shaped wings with slotted primaries - high aspect ratio
  • low and slow flight
72
Q

birds that roost communally

A

american crow, northern gannet, turkey vulture

73
Q

reason for communal roosting

A

information transfer

74
Q

how owls thaw frozen food

A

sit on it

75
Q

bird with a food larder

A

n. shrike

76
Q

birds with food cache

A

acorn woodpecker

77
Q

bird with scatter hoarding

A

canada jay

Birds (3 decks)

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