Biology of Behavioral Disorders Flashcards
ACh receptors at the NMJ
- have what structure?
- are what kind of channels?
- 5 subunits: 2 alpha, beta, gamma, delta
- are ligand-gated ion channels
what are the major molecules are involved in synaptogenesis (synapse synthesis) are the NMJ?
list their roles.
both act at post-synapse (NMJ)
- neuregulin (growth hormone): induces generation of AChR
- agrin (a proteoglycan): triggers clustering of AChR
agrin
- has what role?
- works how?
- NMJ synaptogenesis: induces clustering of AChRs
- process:
- binds MuSK receptor on post-synaptic membrane
- this induces kinase production
- kinases activate rapsyn, an adjacent cytoskeltal protein
- receptors cluster
which membrane receptors are key for AChR clustering?
- MuSK - muscle specific tyrosine kinase
- rapsyn - cytoskeletal protein adjacent to MuSK
neuregulin
- has what role?
- works how?
- role: NMJ synaptogenesis - induces synthesis of AChR
- process:
- activates ErbB tyrosine kinases
- transciption modified
- more AChR synthesized
other than neurogelin, what can increase production of ACh receptors at the post synapse?
increased activity
discuss the ideal regulation of AChR synthesis
- up regulation of AChR near NMJ
-
down regulation of AChR distant from the NMJ
- done by electrical activity
what is the 1st line treatment of myasthenia gravis?
review its MOA & AEs
pyridostigmine
- MOA: AChE inhibitor
- AEs: excess ACh - diarrhea / N&V / cramps, sweating, salivation
summarize the overall roles of the limbic system
- emotional behavior
- memory
- sexual behavior
- motivation
- integration of species preservation instincts - flight or fight, securing food
indentify the specific role of each limbic system region
- hippocampus
- cingulate gyrus
- amygdala
- nucleus accumbens
- pre-frontal cortex
- hippocampus: memory and learning formation
- cingulate gyrus: emotions, behavior and pain
- amygdala: emotions - especially fear**
- nucleus accumbens: addiction and feelings of pleasure
- pre-frontal cortex: social interaction
the hippocampus
- has what role (s) in the limbic system?
- damage results in?
- roles: memory-related
- formation of anterograde memory
- storage of explicit (declaritive) memory
- memory of stressful events - w/ amygdala
- damage:
- anterograde amnesia
- loss of declarative memory
- Altzheimers
the amygdala
- has what role in the limbic system?
- works how?
- damage results in?
- role: emotional response - especially fear - in multiple ways:
- fear conditioning
- enhanced memory of fearful situation - w/ hippocampus
- information modulation - w/ septum
- does this by: inducing release of fear hormones
- hypothalamus -> CRF
- adrenals -> cortisol
- damage: blockage of fear conditioning
what is fear conditioning?
what mediates fear conditioning?
a learned fear response mediated by the amgydala
- amygdala receives several afferents
- visual, auditory, olfactory, somatosensory
- links conditioned stimulus (CS) to unconditioned stimulus (US)
- encounter with stimulus: adrenal HPA → cortisol release
what is information modulation?
what mediates information modulation?
mediated by the amygdala & septum
a state dependent recall - “things learned in a happy state are recalled better during a happy state then a sad state”
what mediates enhanced memory of a stressful event?
the amygdala & hippocampus
the nucleus accumbens is important for _?
addiction and feelings of pleasuren
the pre-frontal cortex is important for _?
social interaction
expain the pathogenesis of anxiety
chronic activation of the adrenal HPA (hypothalmic pituitary axis)
= release of cortisol even in the absence of a threatening stimulus
explicit memory
- another name?
- includes which types of memory
- depends on what process?
- may be disrupted by damage ot?
- aka declaritive memory: conscious recall
- includes: episodic & semantic
- episodic - events & experiences
- semantic - facts
- depends on: long term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus
- disrupted d/t damage of: median temporal lobes, hippocampus
episodic memory
is memory of…?
is what type of memory?
memory of events & experiences
type of explicit (declarative) mmeory
semantic memory
is memory of…?
is what type of memory?
memory of facts
type of explicit (declarative) memory
implicit memory
- another name?
- includes which types of memory?
- depends on which process?
- aka non-declarative memory: unconscious recall
- includes: perception, motor skills
- depends on: habituation
damage to the bilateral medial temporal lobe leads leads to_?
- impaired explicit (declarative) memory
- anterograde amnesia
damage to the enterohinal cortex leads to_?
alzheimers
