Biology Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the functions of the muscular skeleton system?

Answer 1

• Produce skeletal movement
• Maintain posture and body position, stabilisation
• Support soft tissues
• Guard entrances and exits
• Maintain body temperature
• Store nutrients

Question 2

How are movements controlled?

Answer 2

Movements are controlled by the brain and the spinal cord

Question 3

What is electromyography? EMG

Answer 3

Electrodiagnostic medicine for the technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal movements.

Question 4

How is EMG performed?

Answer 4

EMG is performed using an electromyogram, the signals are picked up, run through a processing unit to analyse and understand what action the patient wants to do.

Question 5

How many degrees of freedom does the robotic arm have in the elbow?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

What is osseointergration?

Answer 6

Direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load bearing artificial implant

Question 7

Why are not many prosthetics certified?

Answer 7

There are not many of the devices certified because they require multimillion pound investments and lots of paperwork

Question 8

How many pairs of skeletal muscle does the human body have?

Answer 8

Over 430 pairs

Question 9

The most vigorous movements are produced by how many pairs of skeletal muscles?

Answer 9

80 pairs

Question 10

How many degrees of freedom does the hand have? And how many muscles?

Answer 10

The hand has 24 degrees of freedom and about 20 muscles

Question 11

Where do you only find the cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 11

Only find cardiac muscle tissue on the heart

Question 12

What are the visceral smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 12

They form a protective layer in the stomach

Question 13

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

Answer 13

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Visceral smooth muscle

Question 14

Where are skeletal muscles found?

Answer 14

The majority of the rest of the body

Question 15

What control (voluntary or involuntary) do we have over the skeletal, cardiac, and visceral smooth muscles?

Answer 15

Skeletal: voluntary
Cardiac: involuntary
Visceral smooth muscle: involuntary

Question 16

What is the function of the cardiac muscles?

Answer 16

Pump blood continuously

Question 17

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

Answer 17

Movement, heat, posture etc…

Question 18

What are the functions of the visceral smooth muscle?

Answer 18

Peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hair etc

Question 19

What is the appearance of the skeletal muscles?

Answer 19

Striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric), fibres parallel

Question 20

What are the appearance of the cardiac muscles?

Answer 20

Striated, one central nucleus

Question 21

What is the appearance of visceral smooth muscle?

Answer 21

No striations, one central nucleus

Question 22

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 22

The origin is the attachment to the more stationary bone by the tendon closest to the body or muscle head or proximal

Question 23

What is the insertion of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 23

The insertion is the attachment to the more moveable bone by tendon at the distal end

Question 24

During movement, which of the origin and insertion is stationary and which moves?

Answer 24

During movement, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves

Question 25

Muscles work as what type of pair? And what does this mean?

Answer 25

Muscles work as an antagonist pair, this means as one muscle contracts, the other group stretches, and then they reverse this action

Question 26

Give an example of muscles that work as synergist pairs? What does this mean?

Answer 26

The muscles that control the fingers and thumbs work as synergist pairs. Synergist muscles work in concert to generate movement

Question 27

What can happen after limb loss, when insertion points are removed?

Answer 27

After limb loss, the muscle usually ends at the humorous bone . The previous constraints (insertion points) are removed, this means the muscles dont work as antagonist pairs anymore! This means they can be re-programmed to work as either antagonist or synergist ways as its a more flexible system

Question 28

The skeletal muscle fibres (cells) are arranged into bundles, called what?

Answer 28

Fascicles

Question 29

How are the fascicles bound?

Answer 29

Fascicles are bound by connective tissue

Question 30

There are four different types of connective tissue! What are they?

Answer 30

* Deep fascia * Epimysium * Perimysium * Endomysium

Question 31

What does deep fascia do?

Answer 31

Deep facia is a a connective tissue, it surrounds the entire skeletal muscle and extends beyond its length

Question 32

What does epimysium do?

Answer 32

Epimysium is a connective tissue, it closely surrounds skeletal muscle, it binds fasciles together

Question 33

What is perimysium?

Answer 33

Perimysium is a connective tissue, buddle of fibres, it surrounds each fascicle

Question 34

What is endomysium?

Answer 34

Endomysium is a connective tissue, it surrounds each muscle fibre (cell)

Question 35

When a fascia extends beyond the ends of the muscle, what does it become?

Answer 35

A tendon!

Question 36

If fascia connects muscle to muscle, what is it called?

Answer 36

Aponeurosis

Question 37

Why are there striations in the skeletal muscles?

Answer 37

There are striations due to arrangements of thick and thin filament

Question 38

What are A-bands?

Answer 38

Black vertical lines, the overlap of the thick and thin filaments of muscle fibres

Question 39

A single muscle cell is called?

Answer 39

A muscle fiber

Question 40

Fibers are made up of?

Answer 40

Myofibrils

Question 41

Myofibrils are made up of ?

Answer 41

Thick and thin filaments

Question 42

What is the sacomere?

Answer 42

The fundamental moving part of the muscle. The length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units, these units are sacomere

Question 43

What does the M-line do?

Answer 43

It keeps the integrity of the functional unit. Its an anchor in the system

Question 44

How does the sacomere move?

Answer 44

The sacomere has an actin and myosin component, when energy (calories) goes to the muscle it moves the proteins inside

Question 45

Sacomeres exist from which line to which line?

Answer 45

Sacomeres exist from Z-line to Z-line

Question 46

What is an I-band?

Answer 46

They make up the ends of the A-bands, thin filaments only

Question 47

What is the Z-line?

Answer 47

The Z-line is in the middle of the I-band

Question 48

What are most animals muscle structure like?

Answer 48

Most animals have the same muscle structure as humans, but it is unknown if this is optimum