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Biomedical Engineering > Biology Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Biology Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the muscular skeleton system?

A
  • Produce skeletal movement
  • Maintain posture and body position, stabilisation
  • Support soft tissues
  • Guard entrances and exits
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Store nutrients
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2
Q

How are movements controlled?

A

Movements are controlled by the brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What is electromyography? EMG

A

Electrodiagnostic medicine for the technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal movements.

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4
Q

How is EMG performed?

A

EMG is performed using an electromyogram, the signals are picked up, run through a processing unit to analyse and understand what action the patient wants to do.

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5
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the robotic arm have in the elbow?

A

2

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6
Q

What is osseointergration?

A

Direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load bearing artificial implant

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7
Q

Why are not many prosthetics certified?

A

There are not many of the devices certified because they require multimillion pound investments and lots of paperwork

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8
Q

How many pairs of skeletal muscle does the human body have?

A

Over 430 pairs

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9
Q

The most vigorous movements are produced by how many pairs of skeletal muscles?

A

80 pairs

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10
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the hand have? And how many muscles?

A

The hand has 24 degrees of freedom and about 20 muscles

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11
Q

Where do you only find the cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Only find cardiac muscle tissue on the heart

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12
Q

What are the visceral smooth muscle tissue?

A

They form a protective layer in the stomach

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13
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Cardiac muscle
  3. Visceral smooth muscle
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14
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found?

A

The majority of the rest of the body

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15
Q

What control (voluntary or involuntary) do we have over the skeletal, cardiac, and visceral smooth muscles?

A

Skeletal: voluntary
Cardiac: involuntary
Visceral smooth muscle: involuntary

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16
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscles?

A

Pump blood continuously

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?

A

Movement, heat, posture etc…

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18
Q

What are the functions of the visceral smooth muscle?

A

Peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erects hair etc

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19
Q

What is the appearance of the skeletal muscles?

A

Striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric), fibres parallel

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20
Q

What are the appearance of the cardiac muscles?

A

Striated, one central nucleus

21
Q

What is the appearance of visceral smooth muscle?

A

No striations, one central nucleus

22
Q

What is the origin of a skeletal muscle?

A

The origin is the attachment to the more stationary bone by the tendon closest to the body or muscle head or proximal

23
Q

What is the insertion of the skeletal muscle?

A

The insertion is the attachment to the more moveable bone by tendon at the distal end

24
Q

During movement, which of the origin and insertion is stationary and which moves?

A

During movement, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves

25
Q

Muscles work as what type of pair? And what does this mean?

A

Muscles work as an antagonist pair, this means as one muscle contracts, the other group stretches, and then they reverse this action

26
Q

Give an example of muscles that work as synergist pairs? What does this mean?

A

The muscles that control the fingers and thumbs work as synergist pairs. Synergist muscles work in concert to generate movement

27
Q

What can happen after limb loss, when insertion points are removed?

A

After limb loss, the muscle usually ends at the humorous bone . The previous constraints (insertion points) are removed, this means the muscles dont work as antagonist pairs anymore! This means they can be re-programmed to work as either antagonist or synergist ways as its a more flexible system

28
Q

The skeletal muscle fibres (cells) are arranged into bundles, called what?

A

Fascicles

29
Q

How are the fascicles bound?

A

Fascicles are bound by connective tissue

30
Q

There are four different types of connective tissue! What are they?

A
  • Deep fascia
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
31
Q

What does deep fascia do?

A

Deep facia is a a connective tissue, it surrounds the entire skeletal muscle and extends beyond its length

32
Q

What does epimysium do?

A

Epimysium is a connective tissue, it closely surrounds skeletal muscle, it binds fasciles together

33
Q

What is perimysium?

A

Perimysium is a connective tissue, buddle of fibres, it surrounds each fascicle

34
Q

What is endomysium?

A

Endomysium is a connective tissue, it surrounds each muscle fibre (cell)

35
Q

When a fascia extends beyond the ends of the muscle, what does it become?

A

A tendon!

36
Q

If fascia connects muscle to muscle, what is it called?

A

Aponeurosis

37
Q

Why are there striations in the skeletal muscles?

A

There are striations due to arrangements of thick and thin filament

38
Q

What are A-bands?

A

Black vertical lines, the overlap of the thick and thin filaments of muscle fibres

39
Q

A single muscle cell is called?

A

A muscle fiber

40
Q

Fibers are made up of?

A

Myofibrils

41
Q

Myofibrils are made up of ?

A

Thick and thin filaments

42
Q

What is the sacomere?

A

The fundamental moving part of the muscle. The length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units, these units are sacomere

43
Q

What does the M-line do?

A

It keeps the integrity of the functional unit. Its an anchor in the system

44
Q

How does the sacomere move?

A

The sacomere has an actin and myosin component, when energy (calories) goes to the muscle it moves the proteins inside

45
Q

Sacomeres exist from which line to which line?

A

Sacomeres exist from Z-line to Z-line

46
Q

What is an I-band?

A

They make up the ends of the A-bands, thin filaments only

47
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

The Z-line is in the middle of the I-band

48
Q

What are most animals muscle structure like?

A

Most animals have the same muscle structure as humans, but it is unknown if this is optimum

Biomedical Engineering (13 decks)

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