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BIOLOGY > BIOLOGY module 2 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the charge of oxygen in a water molecule?

A
  • slightly negative
  • the hydrogen atoms are more positive therefore creating uneven distribution of charges (polar molecule).
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2
Q

describe how hydrogen bonds in water.

A
  • hydrogen bonds form between neighbouring hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules.
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3
Q

why is ice less dense than liquid water?

A
  • the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push further apart compared to average water molecules.
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4
Q

what are the advantages to living organisms of ice being less dense then water?

A
  • ice floats and forms an insulating layer on the top of water sources such as ponds.
  • this maintains a constant temperature for organism.
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5
Q

why is water a good solvent?

A
  • its polar so other charged molecules are attracted to it
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6
Q

why is waters high specific heat capacity useful for organisms?

A
  • it has high resistance to sudden temperature changes so …
  • it can provide a constant temperature for aquatic organisms
  • used as a coolant to buffer temperature changes during chemical reactions.
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7
Q

why is water cohesive and adhesive?

A
  • water is cohesive because the hydrogen bonds mean water molecules are attracted to one another.
  • it is adhesive because it can be attracted to other water molecules.
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8
Q

why is it useful that water is cohesive and adhesive?

A
  • water acts as a good transport medium
  • also means it can move upwards through narrow tubes by capillary action. eg transport of water to leaves.
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9
Q

what are three examples of hexose monosaccharides?

A
  • glucose, fructose and galactose
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10
Q

what is a hexose monosaccharide?

A
  • has 6 carbons
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11
Q

what are pentose monosaccharides?

A
  • one with 5 carbons
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12
Q

what are 2 examples of pentose monosaccharides?

A
  • ribose and deoxyribose
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13
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A
  • the OH group is below carbon 1 on alpha, and above it on beta
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14
Q

why is glucose soluble in water?

A

because it contains an OH group which makes it polar

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15
Q

what is the bond between two monosaccharides called?

A

glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what is the disaccharide version of alpha glucose called?

A

maltose

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17
Q

what is the reaction that creates water called?

A

condensation reaction

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18
Q

what is the addition of water to a disaccharide to split it into two monosaccharides called?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

what is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

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20
Q

what is Benedict’s reagent?

A

an alkaline solution of copper sulphate

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21
Q

what colour would blue Benedict’s reagent change to if reducing sugars are present?

A

red/orange

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22
Q

are all monosaccharides reducing sugars?

A

yes

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23
Q

are most disaccharides reducing or non reducing?

A

non- reducing

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24
Q

why does Benedict’s reagent turn red when reducing sugars are present?

A

because the blue Cu2+ions have an electron added to form brick red Cu+ ions (will reduce the copper causing oxide precipitate)

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25
Q

what is the method for testing for a reducing sugar?

A
  • add 2cm cubed of sample
  • add 2cm cubed Benedict’s reagent
  • place the test tube in an 80 degrees water bath.
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26
Q

what is the ethos for testing for a non reducing sugar?

A
  • confirm that same is not a non reducing sugar
  • add 2cm cubed of food sample into test tube
  • add 2cm cubed of hydrochloric acid
  • place in 80 degrees hot water bath for 5 minutes
  • remove and slowly add sodium hydrocarbonate until the solution is neutral
  • restest the solution using Benedict’s test
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27
Q

how can you make Benedict’s test quantitative?

A

use a colorimeter to test the transmission of red light in the solutions. more reducing sugars = more red light

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28
Q

what are 2 examples of biosensors?

A

pregnancy test and blood sugar monitor

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29
Q

what is an analyse in a biosensor?

A

the sample containing the molecule you are testing for

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30
Q

what is the receptor in the biosensor?

A

the part which interacts with the molecule you are testing for

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31
Q

what is the transducer in a biosensor?

A

detects the change in the receptor and provides a response.

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32
Q

what does the display in a biosensor do?

A

gives a visual representation of the change in the receptor.

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33
Q

what colour does iodine change to in the presence of starch?

A

becomes black because iodine molecules become trapped int the helix of the starch.

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34
Q

what is the polysaccharide version of beta glucose?

A

cellulose

35
Q

which two polypeptides make up starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

36
Q

what percentage of starch is amylose and what percentage is amylopectin?

A

20-30% amylose
70-80% amylopectin

37
Q

what type of glucose are amylose and amylopectin made up of?

A

alpha glucose

38
Q

what general structure are cellulose molecules?

A

long, unbranched chains of beta glucose

39
Q

why are cellulose molecules straight?

A

the bonds between the glucose molecules are straight.
every other glucose monomer in the chain is flipped over in relation to its neighbors

40
Q

what are the strong fibres formed by cellulose chains held together by hydrogen bonds called

A

microfibrils

41
Q

why is cellulose suitable for use in cell wall?

A

its microfibril structure makes it strong enough to provide structural support for cell walls

42
Q

what are some properties of cellulose?

A

strong, insoluble, hard to break down into fibrous form.

43
Q

what is alpha glucose stored as in animals and fungi?

A

glycogen

44
Q

why is starch used to store glucose?

A
  • because amylose and amylopectin are insolubles so the glucose won’t interfere with osmosis
  • Starch is also a quick molecule to break down to access the glucose needed for energy release.
45
Q

what is general structure of amylose?

A

a tight unbranched helix with 1,4 glycosidic bonds

46
Q

what is general structure of amylopectin?

A

a long, tight helix structure with branches
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

47
Q

what is the general structure of glycogen?

A

similar to amylopectin but has a lot more branches.

48
Q

why does glycogens structure make it suitable to storage?

A

it is compact like amylopectin because it is coiled. its many branches also allow energy to be released quickly making it suited to more active animals.

49
Q

which carbon do branches occur from in starch and glycogen?

A

carbon 6

50
Q

what are some uses of fat in organisms?

A

protection around organs, shock absorption, buoyancy in aquatic animals, insulation, making hormones, making up cell membranes and storing energy.

51
Q

what are two types of lipids?

A

phospholipids and triglycerides

52
Q

are phospholipids polar

A

partially - they have polar head (phosphate group) and a non polar tail (the fatty acids)

53
Q

what is structure of triglyceride?

A

a glycerol with three fatty acids (hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl group) joined by glycosidic bonds

54
Q

where are triglycerides found?

A

in bloodstream

55
Q

why are triglycerides insoluble in water?

A

because of non polar tails

56
Q

what is structure of a phospholipid?

A

a glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

57
Q

what is the main use of triglycerides and why?

A

energy storage because their hydrocarbon tails contain lots of energy.

58
Q

what is the test for lipids?

A

the emulsion test

59
Q

what result indicates the presence of lipids when using the emulsion test?

A

a milky emulsion forming

60
Q

how would you conduct a test for lipids in a food solution?

A
  • add 2cm cubed of ethanol to either a liquid sample or add the ethanol to a solid sample, crush it and pipette the ethanol into a separate test tube.
  • and 2cm cubed of water to this ethanol and shake gently
  • observe the appearance of the test tube content.
61
Q

why can ethanol form emulsion?

A

because it is non polar

62
Q

why do unsaturated fats tend to be liquid rather than solid at room temperature?

A

because the double bonds cause a kink in the hydrocarbon chain so the molecules can’t pack together as closely

63
Q

what type of alcohol is cholesterol?

A

a sterol alcohol

64
Q

where is cholesterol made?

A

mostly liver and intestines

65
Q

what are some functions of cholesterol?

A

adds stability to the cell membrane involved in the production of steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile

66
Q

what is the structure of cholesterol?

A

a polar hydroxyl group and 4 carbon rings and a hydrocarbon chain tail both of which are non polar.

67
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid?

A

an amine group, a carbon with a hydrogen and an R group attached and a carboxyl group.

68
Q

what is the bond between two amino acids in a dipeptide called?

A

a peptide bond

69
Q

which part of the amino acid bond together to form a dipeptide?

A

the H of one amine group and the OH of the others carboxyl group.

70
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the sequence of amino acids in a chain

71
Q

what is a polypeptide formed of?

A

two or more amino acids

72
Q

what is a protein formed of?

A

two or more polypeptides

73
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonds forming between NH and CO groups in a chain.

74
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

the overall three-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space
The bonds in the tertiary structure of a protein involve disulfide bonds bridge, hydrogen bonds between R groups, ionic bonds between oppositely charged R groups, and hydrophobic interactions.

75
Q

how are hydrophobic and hydrophilic R groups arranged in the tertiary and quartenary structure of proteins?

A

hydrophobic groups on inside nd hydrophilic on outside

76
Q

what forms the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement.

77
Q

what is a conjugated protein?

A

a protein which contains a non protein group called a prosthetic group as part of its quaternary structure

78
Q

what is the structure of a globular protein?

A

compact and round in shape

79
Q

what is a simple protein?

A

one without a prosthetic group

80
Q

what is it called when a prosthetic group is key to a proteins function?

A

a cofactor

81
Q

what are three examples of conjugated proteins?

A

haemoglobin(contains 4 iron harm groups), lipoproteins (contain a lipid) glycoproteins (contain a carbohydrate)

82
Q

what is general structure of a fibrous protein?

A

very repetitive primary structure leading to long, strong, organised rope like structures which are not folded into 3D shape

83
Q

why are fibrous proteins insoluble?

A

because they have many hydrophobic R groups in their component amino acids

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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