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Biology 100 > Biology Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Biology Midterm 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Three Pillars of Evolutionary Thought

A
  1. Fixity of Species
  2. Hierarchical Organization
  3. Natural Theology`
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2
Q

Fixity of Species

A

Species do not change over time

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3
Q

Hierarchical Organization

A

Species fall into natural groups

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4
Q

Natural Theology

A

All creation due to activities of Christian God

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5
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Whatever happened in the past is still happening now

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6
Q

Components of Natural Selection

A
  1. Variation within a species
  2. Inheritance of variability
  3. Struggle for Existence
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7
Q

Ultimate Goal of Life

A

Maximum reproduction and successful progeny

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8
Q

Evidences of Natural Selection

A
  1. Artificial Selection
  2. Comparative Anatomy
  3. Embryology
  4. Geographic Distribution
  5. Progression of Fossil Forms
  6. NeoDarwinian Synthesis
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9
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans select traits and modify through reproduction

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10
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Compare the forelimbs of vertebrates

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11
Q

Embryology

A

Look at stages of embryo development to see common ancestry

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12
Q

Geographic Distribution

A

Separated by geography

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13
Q

NeoDarwinian Synthesis

A

More successful genotype is the more successful offspring

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14
Q

Population

A

Individuals of same species living in a given geographical area

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15
Q

Gene Pool

A

All of the genes of a population

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16
Q

Allele Frequency

A

Relative proportion of each allele in the population

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17
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principle

A

All frequencies remain unchanged.
No mutations or gene flow.
Very large population and completely random mating.

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18
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of alleles to or from another population

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19
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Some random event that removes some alleles from a small population

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20
Q

Bottleneck

A

Population decreases due to an event

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21
Q

Founder Effect

A

Small portions of a population “founds” new area

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22
Q

Competition

A

Struggle for scarce resources

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23
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Selection that acts on traits that are used to acquire a mate

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24
Q

Effects of Natural Selection on Populations

A
  1. Directional
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Disruptive
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25
Q

Directional

A

Favors individuals on one extreme on the bell curve

26
Q

Stabilizing

A

Favors the average trait

27
Q

Disruptive

A

Favors BOTH extremes

28
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Groups of actually interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

29
Q

Pre-Mating Isolating Mechanisms

A

Geography, Ecology, Temporal, Behavior, Mechanical

30
Q

Post-Mating Isolating Mechanisms

A

Gametic Incompatibility, Hybrid In-viability, Hybrid Infertility

31
Q

Speciation Components

A

Population Isolation, Genetic Divergence

32
Q

Genetic Divergence

A

Multiple generations of a species

33
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Geographically Separated, Invasion of Habitat

34
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Isolation without geographic separation, Ecological niche differences

35
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Many speciation events in a short time

36
Q

Ways to Become Extinct

A

Localized Distribution, Overspecialization

37
Q

Localized Distribution

A

Found only in one place

38
Q

Overspecialization

A

Can only survive in limited environment

39
Q

Taxonomy

A

The naming of organisms

40
Q

Phylogeny

A

Classification system based on evolutionary history

41
Q

Systematics

A

Discovering those evolutionary relationships

42
Q

Clade

A

“Family Tree” of groups of organisms

43
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Similar structures show similar evolutionary history

44
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Maintaining structures that don’t serve a purpose

45
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Anatomical similarities not derived from common ancestry

46
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Structures with similar function, but dissimilar anatomy

47
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

Switching between haploid and diploid structures in one life cycle

48
Q

Non-Vascular Plants

A

No pipes, Need moist habitat, Gametophyte is dominant

49
Q

Vascular Plants

A

Have pipes to transport water

50
Q

Xylem

A

Move water and minerals upwards against gravity; interior of stem

51
Q

Phloem

A

Move sugar and other nutrients from leaves to rest of plant; exterior of stem

52
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seeded, non-flowering

53
Q

Angiosperms

A

Seeded, flowering

54
Q

Flowers

A

Used to attract pollinators as sperm transporters

55
Q

Fruit

A

Food storage for seed, transportation to new location

56
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that act as one functional unit

57
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Can be cut in any direction with equal halves

58
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Can be cut in ONE direction with equal halves

59
Q

Types of Invertebrates

A

Sponges, Jellies, Comb Jellies, Flatworms, Segmented Worms, Gastropods, Insects, Echinoderms

60
Q

2 Chambered Heart

A

Single Circulation; Fish

61
Q

3 Chambered Heart

A

Double Circulation; Reptile/Amphibian

62
Q

4 Chambered Heart

A

Double Circulation; Mammals

Biology 100 (1 decks)

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