Biology Midterm Flashcards
What are the goals of science?
- provide natural and testable explanations
- understand patterns in nature
- make useful predictions
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation of something to be further investigated
What is a dependent variable?
the variable that is being measured
What is an independent variable?
the variable that is being changed in the experiment
What is a theory?
ideas intended to explain something
What objective should you start with on a microscope?
Start on the 4x or scanning objective lens
What is biology?
study of living organisms and their vital processes
What is the difference between ATP and ADP?
- ATP has three phosphate groups and ADP has two
- ATP contains more energy
How is energy formed?
it comes from nutrients that you eat in food
What does the nucleus do?
stores the DNA and controls the cell
Nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus and allows material to move in and out
Nucleolus
where the ribosomes are formed
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
makes lipids
Microtubules
maintain cell shape
Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center
Lysosome
digests food and waste materials
Golgi apparatus
modifies proteins
Mitochondria
produces energy
What does a plant cell have that animal cells don’t?
- cell wall
- one large vacuole
- chloroplasts
What is cyanide?
fast-acting poisons
What is homeostasis?
internal conditions that your body maintains
What is cell transportation?
moving things in and out of the cell membrane
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water
What is diffusion?
movement generally from and area of high to low concentration
What are the types of transport?
active and passive
What is facilitated diffusion?
spontaneous passive transport
What is the cell theory?
- cells are the basic unit of life
- all cells come from preexisting cells
- all living things are made of cells
Name two energy carrying molecules
- glucose
- ATP
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6O2
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Plant cell in the chloroplasts
What happens during photosynthesis?
plants turn carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into glucose and oxygen
What are the light dependent reactions?
convert light energy into chemical energy
What does the light independent reactions do?
builds glucose
Parts of a microscope
- eyepiece
- body tube
- arm
- objective lenses
- stage clips
- diaphragm
- coarse and fine focus
- light
- base
- stage
Characteristics of life
- cell organizations
- reproductions
- DNA
- growth and development
- metabolism
- stimulus
- homeostasis
- evolution
Scientific method
- make observations
- form a hypothesis
- test the hypothesis
- draw conclusions
- communicate results
Who was the first to see cells?
Robert Hooke
Prokaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus
- bacteria
- divide to reproduce
Eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus
- plants, animals, fungi
What is cell diversity
sizes and shapes very
Cilia
hairlike structures used in movement
Flagella
long, tail-like structures used in movement
How is the cell like a factory?
- DNA has instructions
- sent to ribosomes
- ribosomes build protein
- protein goes through ER
- Golgi body packages and exports
What is the Endosymbiosis theory?
states that eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotic cells engulfed other cells
Contractile vacuoles
can pump out water
Law of conservation of matter
matter cannot be created or destroyed, it just changes forms
Law of conservation of energy
- cannot be created or destroyed
- can be transferred from one form to another
Autotrophs
make food from the sun
Stoma
pennies on a leaf where gases are exchanged
Chloroplasts
where photosynthesis occurs
stroma
space between thylakoids
Stage 1 of photosynthesis
- light and water
- realizes oxygen
- thylakoid
Stage 2 of photosynthesis
- CO2 in
- glucose out
- stroma
what goes in the light dependent
-light
-H2O
LD: what goes out
O2
ATP
NADH
LI: what goes in
CO2
air
NADPH
LI: what goes out
glucose
ADP
NAP
What does ATP require
glucose and oxygen
What happens when you use ATP?
it turns into ADP
Aerobic vs. anaerobic
Aerobic = with oxygen
Anaerobic = without oxygen
Anaerobic
split the glucose into pyruvic acids
Fermentation
alcoholic (single celled/plants)
lactic acid (animals)
Aerobic step 1
glycolysis - in cytoplasm
- splitting glucose into pyruvic acid (2 ATP molecules)
Aerobic step 2
Krebs cycle - matrix
- citric acid cycle
- acid changed into 2 ATP
Aerobic step 3
Electron transport chain - cristae
- hydrogen ions are bounced inside the mitochondria
- makes 32 ATP
Mitochondria - Cell. Respiration
- fluid-filled matrix
- folded cristae into the matrix
How does cancer form?
uncontrollable division of cells forms a tumor
Binign
tumor stops growing
Malignant
tumor continues to grow
Chromosomes
structures in nucleus that contain DNA
- 46 in every cell
- made of sister chromatids
- held together by centromere
Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Interphase
cells grow and perform functions and DNA copies itself
- G1, S, G2
Mitosis
division of the nucleus
- 12 hours
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
Phases of mitosis
Prophase - spindle forms as centrioles move
Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the center
Anaphase - chromatids separate
Telophase - nuclear membrane forms
Diploid
body cells
- daughter cells are identical to parent cells
Cytokinesis
- animal cells pinch inward to make daughter cells
- plants build a new cell wall
When does fermentation occur
after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
Lactic acid fermentation
allows continuous production of ATP
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O2 + O2 - CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
