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Biology Grade 10 > Biology Mid-term** > Flashcards

Biology Mid-term** Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cell organelles?

A

Small organs that carry out all the functions of a cell.

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Structure that separates the cell interior from the outside world and controls the movements of materials into and out of the cell.

Helps the cell maintain homeostasis and has a phospholipid bilayer.

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3
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Surrounds the cell membrane and is strong and fairly rigid.

It helps to give a plant shape and support and is made up of a network of tough fibers mainly made of cellulose.

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Everything inside the cell membrane including the organelles (except the nucleus).

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5
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Command center of the cell that contains DNA blueprints for making proteins.

Surrounded by a double membrane to protect the DNA.

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7
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A specialized area of chromatin inside the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes.

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8
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Tiny two-part structures found throughout the cytoplasm that help put together proteins.

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9
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

A system of a flattened membrane-bound sac and tubes continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

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10
Q

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has ribosomes and synthesizes protein.

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11
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Has canals which help transport the proteins throughout the cell.

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12
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small membrane-bound transport sacs.

Some special types of vesicles have different jobs in the cell.

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13
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break down old cell parts or materials brought into cells.

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14
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacks that receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum.

It packages finished products in the vesicles for transport to the cell membrane (for secretion out of the cell) and within the cell as lysosomes.

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15
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Large membrane-bound fluid-filled sac for the temporary storage of food, water, or waste products.

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16
Q

What is a mitochondrion?

A

Powerhouse of the cell where organic molecules (usually carbohydrates) are broken down inside a double membrane to release and transfer energy.

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17
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis.

It gives green plants their color and transfers energy from sunlight into stored energy and carbohydrates during photosynthesis.

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18
Q

How do the cells work?

A

Insulin protein information from DNA is copied to RNA. RNA exits the nucleus. At ribosomes on the surface of rough ER, information from RNA is used to make a protein that will become insulin. Vesicles from smooth ER package the protein for transport to the Golgi apparatus. In the Golgi apparatus, the proteins are processed to form insulin protein and packaged for export out of the cell. Insulin is released from the cell when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane.

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19
Q

What are the organelles for the sheet?

A

Lysosome, nucleolus, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, mitochondria.

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20
Q

What are the types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

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21
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Have no nucleus, simple internal structure, move using flagella, have cell walls made of a chemical called peptidoglycan, and lack membrane-bound organelles.

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22
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Have a nucleus, have membrane-bound organelles, and are bigger than prokaryotic cells.

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23
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have an outer cell wall made of cellulose; animal cells do not. Plant cells have one large vacuole; animal cells have several small ones. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not.

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24
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Transports raw material INTO the cell, transports manufactured products and waste OUT of the cell, prevents the entry of unwanted material into the cell, and prevents the escape of matter needed to perform cellular functions.

Has a phospholipid bilayer.

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25
The cell membrane is _______ and that means...
Selectively permeable. ## Footnote That means it allows some molecules to enter the cell and prevents others.
26
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
Composed of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
27
What is cholesterol?
A lipid that regulates the rigidity of the membrane over different temperature ranges.
28
What are carrier proteins?
Change shape to move specific molecules in or out of the cell.
29
What are channel proteins?
Have a tunnel that allows specific ions to move in or out of the cell.
30
What are proteins in the cell membrane?
Serve to allow materials in and out of the cell. ## Footnote These proteins are often specific to certain molecules.
31
What are carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
Attach to proteins or phospholipids and protrude outside the cell. ## Footnote Often involved in the immune response, helping cells to identify one another.
32
What are the two main methods of maintaining homeostasis?
1. Passive transport 2. Active transport.
33
What is passive transport?
The movement of any substances across a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy.
34
What are the 3 types of passive transport?
1. Simple diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion.
35
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. ## Footnote Occurs down the concentration gradient (high to low).
36
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
37
What is facilitated diffusion?
If materials are too large or too charged to diffuse across the membrane without assistance, channel or carrier proteins provide help to move them. ## Footnote The integral proteins are specific to the materials they are transporting by size, shape, and electric charge.
38
What are the 3 different types of extracellular solutions?
1. Isotonic 2. Hypotonic 3. Hypertonic.
39
What is an isotonic solution?
Water concentration outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell. ## Footnote Water is moving in and out of the cell equally.
40
What is a hypotonic solution?
Water concentration outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell. ## Footnote Water moves into the cell.
41
What is a hypertonic solution?
Water concentration outside the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell. ## Footnote Water moves outside the cell.
42
What is tonicity in animal cells?
Hypotonic solution = cytolysis (too much water inside the cell can cause it to explode). Isotonic solution = normal (proper flow of water in and out of the cell). Hypertonic solution = shriveled (cell isn't getting enough water and shrivels up).
43
What is tonicity in plant cells?
Hypotonic solution = turgid (normal). Isotonic solution = flaccid. Hypertonic solution = plasmolysis (shriveled).
44
What is active transport?
The movement of any substance across a cell membrane with the use of energy from ATP. ## Footnote PROTEINS move substances from areas of lower concentration to areas with higher concentration (against the concentration gradient).
45
What are examples of active transport?
Kidney cells pump glucose and amino acids out of the urine and back into the blood. Intestinal cells pump nutrients from the gut. Plant root cells pump nutrients from the soil. Fish gill cells pump sodium ions out of the body.
46
What is bulk membrane transport?
Sometimes molecules are too large or too polar to cross through the cell membrane. ## Footnote The cell uses specialized methods of getting materials in or out of the cell using endocytosis or exocytosis.
47
What is endocytosis?
The process in which a cell engulfs itself around large substances. ## Footnote The membrane folds in on itself trapping matter from the extracellular fluid within it, forming a vesicle.
48
What is exocytosis?
Reverse of endocytosis. A vesicle from the inside of the cell fuses with the cell membrane. ## Footnote The contents of the vesicle are excreted (expelled) into the extracellular fluid.
49
What are large cells?
Lower surface area (aka surface area to volume ratio) and less surface exposed for cell membrane transport.
50
What are small cells?
High surface area and more efficient at allowing transport across the cell membrane.
51
Why do cells need energy?
Cells need energy to function and carbon to build biological molecules. ## Footnote ATP is a molecule that cells use for readily available energy.
52
What are examples of processes in the body that require ATP?
Active transport materials into the cell, moving chromosomes during cell division, the contraction of muscles, synthesizing macromolecules.
53
What is aerobic respiration?
The cellular process that uses oxygen to release energy, as ATP, from glucose. ## Footnote ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate (a nucleotide).
54
What is anaerobic respiration?
Cellular respiration that proceeds without oxygen.
55
What are the stages of aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis 2. Breakdown of pyruvate 3. Krebs cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation.
56
What is glycolysis?
Through two distinct phases, the six-carbon ring of glucose is cleaved into two three-carbon sugars of pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions. ## Footnote The net result of the process is that two molecules of ATP are formed.
57
What is the breakdown of pyruvate?
The pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria and are converted into a two-carbon intermediate.
58
What is the Krebs cycle?
This is the breaking down of molecules from stage 2 into CO2 molecules and H2O molecules and generating additional ATP.
59
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The energy-carrying molecules produced in the previous stages are used to make ATP.
60
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reactions 2. Calvin cycle.
61
What are light-dependent reactions?
Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy. ## Footnote Light energy is used to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis.
62
What is the Calvin cycle?
Uses the products of the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
63
What are complementary processes?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the opposite of each other in terms of reactants and products.
64
What are the reactants, products, and energy involved in photosynthesis?
Reactants: carbon dioxide, water. Products: glucose, oxygen. Energy involved: input of radiant energy (sunlight).
65
What are the reactants, products, and energy involved in cellular respiration?
Reactants: glucose, oxygen. Products: carbon dioxide, water. Energy involved: release of chemical energy (ATP).
66
What is a cell?
The building blocks of life; the smallest unit of life that can live on its own.
67
How many elements are essential to life?
25.
68
What 4 elements make up 97% of the body?
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon.
69
What are trace elements?
Make up 0.55% of the body, including iron and iodine.
70
What are bulk elements?
Make up 3.45% of the body, including sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.
71
What are ions?
Charged particles that take part in many biological processes. ## Footnote Ions that are dissolved in the body fluid are called electrolytes.
72
What are chemical reactions?
Elements and compounds are rearranged to form different substances with different properties.
73
What is the role of water in living systems?
Provides a medium for most chemical reactions, transports dissolved substances throughout the system, and regulates temperature.
74
Water is referred to as ____.
The universal solvent.
75
What is hydrophilic?
"Water loving" substances that dissolve in water, usually polar molecules or ions.
76
What is hydrophobic?
"Water fearing" substances that do not dissolve in water, usually non-polar molecules.
77
What are macromolecules?
Large molecules made up of smaller molecules.
78
What are the 4 major classes of biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
79
What is tundra?
Lacks trees and has permanently frozen soil. ## Footnote The Arctic tundra exists in high-latitude regions.
80
What is the Boreal Forest?
Mixed coniferous and deciduous trees that stretches across northern North America, Europe, and Asia.
81
What is the Temperate Deciduous Forest?
Has a winter-summer change of seasons and typically receives 75 cm to 150 cm or more of evenly distributed precipitation.
82
What is Prairie Grassland?
Covers regions in North America and Europe, as well as Africa and Australia.
83
What are Aquatic Biomes?
Abiotic factors that are important to aquatic biomes include depth, temperature, salinity, nutrients, and current.
84
What is the neritic zone?
Relatively shallow, typically less than 100 m to 200 m in depth.
85
What is the oceanic zone?
The open ocean.
86
What is the bathyal zone?
Region of ocean between 1000 m and 4000 m deep.
87
What is the abyssal zone?
Region of ocean between 4000 m and 6000 m deep.
88
What are estuaries?
Semi-enclosed coastal ecosystems transitional between marine and freshwater habitats.
89
What is an individual?
One single organism that has specific physical features and behaviors.
90
What is a species?
Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
91
What is a population?
All the members of the same species living in a specific geographical area.
92
What is a community?
All organisms living in a specific area.
93
What organisms live in the abyssal zone?
Fish, squid, octopus, worms, and molluscs live in the abyssal zone.
94
What is an estuary?
A semi-enclosed coastal ecosystem transitional between marine and freshwater habitats. ## Footnote An important characteristic of estuaries is their regular fluctuations of salinity due to the daily tidal cycle, along with inflows of fresh water from the nearby land.
95
What is an individual in biological terms?
An individual is one single organism that has specific physical features and behaviours.
96
What defines a species?
A species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
97
What is a population?
A population is all the members of the same species living in a specific geographical area.
98
What is a community?
A community is all organisms in all the interacting populations in a specific area.
99
What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a community of populations together with the abiotic factors that surround and affect it.
100
What is a biome?
A biome is a group of ecosystems in a specific region on Earth with unique features.
101
What is the biosphere?
The biosphere includes all of the areas of the Earth (including air, water, and land) that contain life.
102
What are the 6 kingdoms of life?
The 6 kingdoms are: - Bacteria - Archaea - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia
103
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are biomolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are an important source of energy. ## Footnote Common carbohydrates include sugars, starch, and cellulose.
104
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
The 3 types of carbohydrates are: - Monosaccharides (Single sugars) - Disaccharides (Two sugars linked) - Polysaccharides (Complex sugars/polymers)
105
What are lipids?
Lipids are fats that do not dissolve in water because they are non-polar/hydrophobic and have twice as much energy as equal masses of carbohydrate or protein.
106
What are the 3 types of lipids?
The 3 types of lipids are: - Triglycerides - Phospholipids - Steroids
107
What are triglycerides?
Triglycerides make up the fats and oils in the diet, are used primarily to store energy, and can be saturated or unsaturated.
108
What are saturated triglycerides?
Saturated triglycerides (saturated fats) contain all the hydrogen atoms they possibly can and are solid at room temperature.
109
What are unsaturated triglycerides?
Unsaturated triglycerides (unsaturated fats) have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms and are liquid at room temperature.
110
What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails and are a key component in a cell membrane.
111
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a steroid in animals that helps keep the cell membrane stable. ## Footnote Examples include Testosterone & Estrogen.
112
What are the 9 functions of proteins?
The functions of proteins include: - Transporting ions in and out of cells - Transporting oxygen in blood - Helping blood to clot - Helping grow fingernails and hair and protecting skin - Breaking down starch - Making up tendons that attach muscle to bone - Making up muscle tissue - Acting as a chemical messenger between cells - Binding to viruses and bacteria that can affect the body.

Biology Grade 10 (1 decks)

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