Biology Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the four basic macromolecules?

Answer 1

1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids (RNA & DNA)

Question 2

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 2

the basic/common sugars

Question 3

What are the three monosaccharides?

Answer 3

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Question 4

What are disaccharides?

Answer 4

Sugars made out of a combination of the monosaccharides

Question 5

What are the different types of disaccharides?

Answer 5

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

Question 6

What two monosaccharides are sucrose made of?

Answer 6

Glucose + Fructose

Question 7

What two monosaccharides are lactose made of?

Answer 7

Glucose + Galactose

Question 8

What two monosaccharides are Maltose made of?

Answer 8

Glucose + Glucose

Question 9

β-glucose is:

Answer 9

is the version of glucose that is providing the production of materials; NOT soluble in water; one OH is up
Ex: t-shirts

Question 10

α-glucose is:

Answer 10

the version of glucose that is used to provide nutrition in our food; IS soluble in water; one OH is down

Question 11

What is an Isomer?

Answer 11

is when the chemical formula of a molecule is the same, but the structure and shape is different

Question 12

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 12

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 13

What is the makeup of DNA?

Answer 13

They are made up of C, G, T, and A’s

Question 14

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 14

DNA:
- double strand molecule
- thymine base
- deoxyribose

RNA:
- single strand molecule
- uracil base
- ribose

Question 15

How many chromosomes are there in total?

Answer 15

46 (23 pairs form each parent)

Question 16

What type of RNA’s are there?

Answer 16

• Messenger RNA:
• Ribosome RNA (rRNA):
• Transfer RNA (tRNA):

Question 17

What is the name of each of these Disaccharides? [need to make diagram of each]

Answer 17

[need to make diagram and then put answers]

Question 18

what’s another name of fats?

Answer 18

Triglyceride

Question 19

Fats:

Answer 19

are insoluble in water and have a polar head that gives them slight polarity

Question 20

Triglyceride:

Answer 20

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 21

Saturated Fatty Acid:

Answer 21

• fatty acids from animals
• has as many hydrogrens as it possibly can
• no double bonds

Question 22

Unsaturated Fatty Acid:

Answer 22

• have at least 1 double bond
• from nuts and vegetable oils

Question 23

Is Oleic Acid mono unsaturated or polyunsaturated?

Answer 23

mono unsaturated

Question 24

Is linoleic acid mono unsaturated or polyunsaturated?

Answer 24

polyunsaturated

Question 25

Saturated fats:

Answer 25

- can get close to one another and adhere to each other - don't have double bonds - solid at room temp

Question 26

Unsaturated fats:

Answer 26

- liquid at room temp - form double bonds

Question 27

What can fats allow us to make?

Answer 27

they allow us to make the cellular membrane

Question 28

Hydrophobic tail:

Answer 28

- made up of fats - doesn't like water - located in the double layer membrane

Question 29

Hydrophilic head:

Answer 29

- what the hydrophobic tail is attached to - slightly polar - attracted to water

Question 30

What do proteins provide?

Answer 30

they provide all mechanistic ways in which a cell works

Question 31

Functions of proteins:

Answer 31

- enzymes - signal - functional structure

Question 32

What is an amino acid structure made of?

Answer 32

- α carbon - Acid (COO- or COOH-) - Amine - Sub chain of an R group

Question 33

What do the sidechains do?

Answer 33

they hold the protein in it's 3D shape

Question 34

What protein sequences are there?

Answer 34

- primary protein sequence - secondary protein sequence - tertiary protein sequence

Question 35

what is the structure of the secondary protein structure?

Answer 35

backbone-backbone structure

Question 36

what is the structure of the tertiary protein structure?

Answer 36

sidechain to sidechain structure

Question 37

What are the types of proteins?

Answer 37

- Channel proteins: - Receptor/signaling proteins: - Transport: - Enzymatic (rubisco): - Insulin: - Structural:

Question 38

What are phospholipids?

Answer 38

the fats that make up the cell membrane

Question 39

what is rubisco?

Answer 39

it is what is used for photosynthesis in plants

Question 40

Primary protein structure:

Answer 40

- sequence in which amino acids are linked together - determined by the genetic sequence -determines how each protein folds

Question 41

What does every protein consist of?

Answer 41

a COO-/COOH- end (C terminal) and amine end (N terminal)

Question 42

Sidechains:

Answer 42

- sidechains on backbone of every sequence - nonpolar side chains form small pockets in protein sequence (hydrophobic pockets)

Question 43

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 43

a mutation in blood cells - a genetic disease, NOT caused by pathogens

Question 44

How does pH influence proteins?

Answer 44

can influence the structure and make up of a protein sequence

Question 45

What does it mean to denature a protein?

Answer 45

to change the shape of the protein

Question 46

What are the ways a protein is denatured?

Answer 46

- heat - pH changes - salt/solvents

Question 47

A denatured protein can go back to it's original structure. T or F?

Answer 47

False. It is most likely not ever going to be able to bounce back to it's original structure

Question 48

what are the two types of isomers?

Answer 48

- Constitutional (structural) isomers - stereoisomers (spatial isomers)

Question 49

What is the difference of cis and trans isomers?

Answer 49

cis isomers: on the same side trans isomers: on different sides