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Biology 211 > Biology Macromolecules > Flashcards

Biology Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four basic macromolecules?

A
  1. Carbohydrates (sugars)
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Nucleic Acids (RNA & DNA)
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2
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the basic/common sugars

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3
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

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4
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Sugars made out of a combination of the monosaccharides

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5
Q

What are the different types of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose

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6
Q

What two monosaccharides are sucrose made of?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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7
Q

What two monosaccharides are lactose made of?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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8
Q

What two monosaccharides are Maltose made of?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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9
Q

β-glucose is:

A

is the version of glucose that is providing the production of materials; NOT soluble in water; one OH is up
Ex: t-shirts

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10
Q

α-glucose is:

A

the version of glucose that is used to provide nutrition in our food; IS soluble in water; one OH is down

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11
Q

What is an Isomer?

A

is when the chemical formula of a molecule is the same, but the structure and shape is different

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12
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

A

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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13
Q

What is the makeup of DNA?

A

They are made up of C, G, T, and A’s

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14
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA:
- double strand molecule
- thymine base
- deoxyribose

RNA:
- single strand molecule
- uracil base
- ribose

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15
Q

How many chromosomes are there in total?

A

46 (23 pairs form each parent)

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16
Q

What type of RNA’s are there?

A
  • Messenger RNA:
  • Ribosome RNA (rRNA):
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA):
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17
Q

What is the name of each of these Disaccharides? [need to make diagram of each]

A

[need to make diagram and then put answers]

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18
Q

what’s another name of fats?

A

Triglyceride

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19
Q

Fats:

A

are insoluble in water and have a polar head that gives them slight polarity

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20
Q

Triglyceride:

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

21
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid:

A
  • fatty acids from animals
  • has as many hydrogrens as it possibly can
  • no double bonds
22
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid:

A
  • have at least 1 double bond
  • from nuts and vegetable oils
23
Q

Is Oleic Acid mono unsaturated or polyunsaturated?

A

mono unsaturated

24
Q

Is linoleic acid mono unsaturated or polyunsaturated?

A

polyunsaturated

25
Q

Saturated fats:

A
  • can get close to one another and adhere to each other
  • don’t have double bonds
  • solid at room temp
26
Q

Unsaturated fats:

A
  • liquid at room temp
  • form double bonds
27
Q

What can fats allow us to make?

A

they allow us to make the cellular membrane

28
Q

Hydrophobic tail:

A
  • made up of fats
  • doesn’t like water
  • located in the double layer membrane
29
Q

Hydrophilic head:

A
  • what the hydrophobic tail is attached to
  • slightly polar
  • attracted to water
30
Q

What do proteins provide?

A

they provide all mechanistic ways in which a cell works

31
Q

Functions of proteins:

A
  • enzymes
  • signal
  • functional structure
32
Q

What is an amino acid structure made of?

A
  • α carbon
  • Acid (COO- or COOH-)
  • Amine
  • Sub chain of an R group
33
Q

What do the sidechains do?

A

they hold the protein in it’s 3D shape

34
Q

What protein sequences are there?

A
  • primary protein sequence
  • secondary protein sequence
  • tertiary protein sequence
35
Q

what is the structure of the secondary protein structure?

A

backbone-backbone structure

36
Q

what is the structure of the tertiary protein structure?

A

sidechain to sidechain structure

37
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A
  • Channel proteins:
  • Receptor/signaling proteins:
  • Transport:
  • Enzymatic (rubisco):
  • Insulin:
  • Structural:
38
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

the fats that make up the cell membrane

39
Q

what is rubisco?

A

it is what is used for photosynthesis in plants

40
Q

Primary protein structure:

A
  • sequence in which amino acids are linked together
  • determined by the genetic sequence
    -determines how each protein folds
41
Q

What does every protein consist of?

A

a COO-/COOH- end (C terminal) and amine end (N terminal)

42
Q

Sidechains:

A
  • sidechains on backbone of every sequence
  • nonpolar side chains form small pockets in protein sequence (hydrophobic pockets)
43
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

a mutation in blood cells
- a genetic disease, NOT caused by pathogens

44
Q

How does pH influence proteins?

A

can influence the structure and make up of a protein sequence

45
Q

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A

to change the shape of the protein

46
Q

What are the ways a protein is denatured?

A
  • heat
  • pH changes
  • salt/solvents
47
Q

A denatured protein can go back to it’s original structure. T or F?

A

False. It is most likely not ever going to be able to bounce back to it’s original structure

48
Q

what are the two types of isomers?

A
  • Constitutional (structural) isomers
  • stereoisomers (spatial isomers)
49
Q

What is the difference of cis and trans isomers?

A

cis isomers: on the same side
trans isomers: on different sides

Biology 211 (2 decks)

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