Biology Lecture Flashcards
Mag-aral ka na jusko
This is the study of Fungi
Mycology
Fungi constitute an extremely diverse group of organisms and are generally classified as________________
Molds or yeasts
Fungi’s They are prokaryotic
False, they are eukaryotic
Fungi’s They have no nuclei and mitochondria
False, they have a nuclei and mitochondria
Fungi’s They are not heterotrophs
False, they are heterotrophs
Fungi’s They do photosynthesis and have a chlorophyl
False, they do not photosynthesis and chlorophyl
Fungi’s They depend on other organisms to survive
True
Fungi’s They are multicellular
True
Fungi’s They can move on their own
False, They cannot move on their own
This is a species of yeast. It is perhaps the most useful yeast, having been instrumental to winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
This is olive green and thrives on plants in particular, but can also grow on household surfaces like walls, cabinets, and carpets.
Cladosporium
This is the mold that typically grows on spoiled food like bread. It can also grow on nutrient-poor but moisture-rich environments like the basement.
Aspergillus
Is famous for its antibacterial properties and is usually bluish-green. However, it can also emits mycotoxins that are toxic to both people and pets. They prefer colder environments like soil, but some also form on wet items in the home
Penicillium
The plant body of the true fungi
thallus
Most fungi are multicellular and are composed of long filaments
Hyphae
All hyphae in a particular fungus from an interwoven mass
Mycelium
This is above ground, reproductive structure produced by fungi
Fruiting body
What are the three types of Mycelium?
Vegetative, Aerial, and Fertile
This is a type of Mycelium that penetrate the surface of the medium and absorb nutrients.
Vegetative Mycelium
This is a type of Mycelium that grow above the agar surface
Aerial Mycelium
This is a type of Mycelium that bear reproductive structures such as conidia or sporangia.
Fertile Mycelium
A fungi that possess melanin pigments in their cell wall
Phaeoid
Those hyphae that do not possess any pigment in their cell wall
Hyaline
The fungi obtain their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances
Saprophytic
The fungi that obtain their nutrition by living on other living organisms (plants or animals) and absorb nutrients from their host.
Parasitic
These fungi live by having an interdependent relationship with other species in which both are mutually benefited
Symbiotic
These are spores that are formed by the fusion of two different cells.
Zygomycetes
These are sexual spores in the Zygomycetes
Zygospores
These are asexual spores in the Zygomycetes
Sporangiospores
These are also known as sac fungi. They can be coprophilous, decomposers, parasitic or saprophytic
Ascomycetes
These are the sexual spores of ascomycetes
Ascospores
These are the asexual spores of ascomycetes
Conidiospores
Mushrooms are the most commonly found in them and mostly live as parasites
Basidiomycetes
These are the sexual spores of Basidiomycetes
Basidiospores
These are the asexual spores of Basidiomycetes
Conidia, budding or fragmentation
They are also called as imperfect fungi as they do not follow the regular reproduction cycle as the other fungi.
Deuteromycetes
This is the asexual reproduction of deuteromycetes
conidia
This is an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein coat. A virus cannot replicate alone; instead, it must infect cells and use components of the host cell to make copies of itself.
Virus
What is a Bacteria?
Living organism, unicellular, one cell
Larger (1000nm)
In Latin means, Little Sticks
Usually treated with antibiotics
What is a virus?
Not living, no cells
Smaller (20-300nm)
In Latin means, Poison
Antibiotics will not effect the disease
What are the types of Viruses?
Helical Viruses
Polyhedral Viruses
Spherical Viruses
Complex Viruses
This is a type of bacteria that looks like a tobacco mosaic virus, which infects a number of different types of plants, have a slinky shaped capsid that twists around and encloses its genetic material.
Helical Viruses
This is a type of bacteria that just like the adenoviruses, which are known to cause a range of illnesses from pink eye to pneumonia, are composed of genetic material surrounded by a many-sided capsid, usually with 20 triangular faces.
Polyhedral viruses
This is a type of bacteria just like the infamous coronavirus, are essentially helical viruses enclosed in a membrane known as an envelope, which is spiked with sugary proteins that assist in sticking to and entering host cells.
Spherical Viruses
This is a type of bacteria just like bacteriophages, which infect and kill bacteria, resemble a lunar lander, and are composed of a polyhedral “head” and a helical body (or “tail sheath”) and legs (or “tail fibers”) that attach to a cell membrane so that it can transfer its genetic material
Complex Viruses
Virus, They can be observed under the microscope
False, they cannot be observed under the microscope
Virus, They have internal cellular structure
False, they do not have internal cellular structure
Virus, They contain either DNA or RNA, but not both
True
Virus, They are incapable of metabolism
True
Viruses are smaller than bacteria
True
They replicate only inside living cells
True
Viruses lack cellular organelles, such as mitochondria and ribosomes
True
This is a part of the virus that is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material. It may be linear or circular with various degrees of coiling. The nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA but never both.
The Nucleoid
This is a part of the virus that are large macromolecular structures which serve as protein coat of virus and protect viral genetic material and aids in its transfer between host cells.
Capsid or protein shell
This is a part of the virus that surrounds the entire capsid and contains proteins that are specified by the virus, which often help viral particles bind to host cells. Although envelopes are common, especially among animal viruses, they are not found in every virus in contrast to enveloped viruses, the viruses without an envelope are called naked
Virus Envelopes
This is a viral infection wherein the virus recognizes and binds to a host cell via a receptor molecule on the cell surface.
Attachment
This is a viral infection wherein the virus or its genetic material enters the cell.
Entry
This is a viral infection wherein the viral genome is copied and its genes are expressed to make viral proteins.
Genome replication and gene expression
This is a viral infection wherein new viral particles are assembled from the genome copies and viral proteins.
Assembly
This is a viral infection wherein the completed viral particles exit the cell and can infect other cells.
Release
This involves the virus assimilating its genome with the host cell’s genome to achieve replication without killing the host.
The lysogenic cycle, or non-virulent infection
This is mostly double-stranded, higher mutation rate, DNA replication usually takes place in the nucleus, stable, injects genetic code in the host DNA for duplication and decoding.
DNA Virus
This is mostly single-stranded, RNA replication usually takes place in the cytoplasm, unstable, skips duplication and decoding
RNA Virus
What is HHAPPPy?
Herpes
Hepadna
Adeno
Parvo
Papova
Pox
These three are enveloped
Herpes, Pox, Hepadna
These three are naked
Papova, Adeno, Parvo
Positive Stranded RNA Viruses
Retailors = Retroviruses
Hippie = Hepeviruses
Together = Togaviruses
Flavored = Flaviruses
Corona = Coronaviruses
California = Caliciviruses
Pickle = Picornaviruses
Negative Stranded RNA Viruses
Are = Arenaviruses
Born = Bunyaviruses
F = Filoviruses
O = Orthomyxoviruses
R = Rhabdoviruses
Playing = Paramyxoviruses
Deltaforce = Deltavirus
This is the study of the connection between organisms and their living and non-living environments.
Ecology
What are the major parts of the earth’s life support?
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Biosphere
This is a thin envelope or membrane of air around the planet layer
Atmosphere
This is the Earth’s crust and upper mantle; contains nonrenewable fossil fuels and minerals, and renewable soil chemicals (nutrients) needed for plant life.
Lithosphere
This consists of the earth’s waters
Hydrosphere
This is the portion of the Earth in which living (biotic) organisms exist and interact with one another and with their nonliving (abiotic) environment.
Biosphere
Three Factors that sustain life on earth
One way flow of high-quality energy from the sun
Cycling of matter or nutrients through parts of the biosphere
Gravity
Levels of Organization
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organisms
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
or
Atoms
molecules
cell
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
Living Organisms, such as Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea, Animals, Protists and plants are called______________
Biotic Factors
Nonliving organisms, such as, Air, Salinity, Soil, Temperature, Light, Water, Minerals, pH, and Humidity
Abiotic Factors
It is an anabolic process
It occurs only in plants with green pigments
Light is essential
The cell organelle necessary is chloroplast
The glucose is end product
Photosynthesis
It is a Catabolic Process
Respiration
This refers to the short-term changes in the atmosphere
Weather
This is a linear sequence of organisms where nutrients and energy is transferred from one organism to another
Food Chain
This is the green plants in the ecosystem that are known as ______________
Producer
If the animals eat other animals which in turn eat the plants, they are called ___________________
Secondary Consumers
If the animal feeds on the producers, the plants are called ______________
Primary Consumers
The animal at the highest level of the food chain which eats other animals is known as ______________________
Tertiary Consumers
Ecological Relationship, wherein both organisms benefit with one another (+, +)
Mutualism (Symbiosis)
Ecological Relationship, wherein the other is benefited while the other is harmed nor harmed (+, -)
Parasitism
Ecological Relationship, wherein the other is benefited (predator) while the other is the prey(+, -)
Predation
Ecological Relationship, wherein the other is benefited while the other is not nor harmed (+, 0)
Commensalism
Ecological Relationship, wherein they both fight for survival (+/-)
Competition
has fair amounts of rain throughout the year
Tropical Rainforests
Seasonal Climate
Tropical Day Forests
Seasonal drought, intense lightning
Tropical Savanna
Hot Climate
Deserts
Cool Climate
Evergreen Forests
Wetter than deserts but with occasional droughts
Prairies
Receive winter precipitation
Red-wood forests
Winter longer than 6 months
Taiga
Cold and Dry
Tundra
Sufficient light; warm waters; water movements deliver food and energy
Coral Reefs
Variable temperature tidal movements move organisms
Man-Grove Forests
light limited by particulate solids; temperature tracks air temperature
Rivers
Light absorption depends on chemistry
Lakes
This is the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems.
Functional Diversity
This is the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth
Ecological Diversity
This is the variety of genetic material within a species or a population
Genetic Diversity
The number and abundance of species present in different communities
Species Diversity
This comprised of a habitat in which organism lives, the organism’s activity pattern: the periods of time during which it is active, the resources it obtains for habitat
Niche
What are the five major roles within ecosystems?
Native Species
Nonnative Species
Indicator Species
Keystone Species
Foundation Species
Normally live and thrive in a particular area
Native Species
Invasive, alien, exotic introduced into an area not normally found
Nonnative Species
Provide early warning signs of ecosystem damage
Indicator Species
Roles have large effect on the types and abundance of other species
Keystone Species
Play major role in shaping communities
Foundation Species
This is the reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of mountains facing away from prevailing surface winds.
The rain shadow effect
What are the different biological Species?
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Viruses
Complete virus Particle
Virion
