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biology 1020 > Biology Lecture 1-5 > Flashcards

Biology Lecture 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Evolutionary adaptation towards a species’ environment

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2
Q

Lodgepole pine

A
  • Seed cones open up after being exposed to high temperatures
  • allows for rapid regrowth after forest fires
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3
Q

How do biologists define life?

A

Living things show different properties of life

  • Order
  • Energy processing
  • Growth and development
  • evolutionary adaptation
  • response to the environment
  • regulation
  • reproduction
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4
Q

5 unifying themes of biology

A
  • Organization
  • information
  • energy and matter
  • interactions
  • evolution
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5
Q

Organization

A 
life can be studied at different levels, from a molecular level to an entire planet and many things in between
-biospshere
-ecosystems
-communities
-populations
-organisms
-organs and organ systems
-tissues
-cells
-organelles
molecules
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6
Q

biosphere

A

contains all life on earth

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7
Q

ecosystems

A

living things in a particular area and the non-living component in which life interacts with

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8
Q

communities

A

variety of organisms inhabiting an eco-system, called a species

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9
Q

populations

A

all individuals of a species living in a specific area

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10
Q

organisms

A

a single individual in each population

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11
Q

organs and organ systems

A

a part of the body or plant that performs a particular function, organs cooperate with each other and create organ systems

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12
Q

tissues

A

a group of cells that work together and form organs

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13
Q

cells

A

the fundamental unit of living organisms

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14
Q

organelles

A

functional components of the cell

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15
Q

molecules

A

a chemical structure made of two or more units/atoms

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16
Q

What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities for required life

A

a cell

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17
Q

types of cells

A

Eukaryotic cell

prokaryotic cell

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

has membrane enclosed organelles, in which the largest is usually the nucleus

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, does not contain membrane enclosed organelles

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20
Q

Cell division

A

Growth and repair- mitosis

Reproduction- meiosis

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21
Q

Chromosomes

A

contain most of a cell genetic material as DNA

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22
Q

domains

A

three different domains

  • Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes)
  • Eukarya (eukaryotes)
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23
Q

Cilia

A

very common in eukaryotes

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24
Q

well adapted organism

A

will survive longer, reproduce and pass down good genetics

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25
Q

what makes earth habitable

A

abundance of water

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26
Q

Water

A

polar because its charge is unevenly distributed

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27
Q

properties of water

A

V shape
“O” is slightly more negative
polar covalent bonds

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28
Q

molecules of water

A

water molecules form weak hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules (making water more structured than other liquids)

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29
Q

Cohesion

A

sticking together of water molecules

helps the transportation of water against gravity in plants

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30
Q

adhesion

A

water sticks to the walls of plant cells

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31
Q

surface tension

A

water molecules have a higher attraction to each other other than to the air

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32
Q

cohesion, adhesion and surface tension

A

help with movement of water from soil to the highest point of the plant

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33
Q

moderation of temperature

A

water is able to absorb heat with little change to its temperature (due to its high specific heat)

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34
Q

ice and water

A
  • much more ordered than water allowing it to float
  • if ice sank, all water would eventually freeze
  • act as habitats for certain animals
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35
Q

dissolving in water

A

each ion gets surrounded by a hydration shell (water molecules)

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36
Q

hydrophilic

A

substance has an affinity to water (able to dissolve, polar molecules)

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37
Q

hydrophobic

A

substance does not have an affinity to water (non-polar molecules do not dissolve in water)

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38
Q

Why is water substantial for life

A

water is in a state of dynamic equilibrium (water dissociates at the same rate they reform

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39
Q

Pure water

A

[H+]=[OH-]
PH=7
-rare dissociation of water, but has a great effect on organisms

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40
Q

PH below 7

A

acidic

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41
Q

PH above 7

A

basic

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42
Q

CO2 dissolves in sea water

A

forms carbonic acid by a process known as ocean acidification

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43
Q

Carbon skeletons in organic molecules

A
  • straight
  • branched
  • arranged in closed rings
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44
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon (fats)
undergo reactions that can release a large amount of energy (due to many bonds able to be broken)

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45
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

46
Q

Structural isomers

A

different covalent arrangements

47
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arangements

48
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images of each other

49
Q

Why do enantiomers of a drug have a different effect on the body

A
  • different shapes
  • interact with enzymes differently
  • different biological activities
  • recognized as two different substances
50
Q

important chemical groups

A
  • hydroxyl
  • carbonyl
  • carboxyl
  • amino
  • sulfhydral
  • phosphate
  • methyl
51
Q

ATP

A
  • Adenine triphosphate
  • primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
  • consists of organic molecules called adenosine attached to a string of phosphate groups
  • stores potential energy that can be released in a reaction with water, and is used by the cell
  • energy that is released by a reaction is used by a cell
52
Q

Biological molecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
53
Q

macromolecules

A
  • large and complex molecules that are composed of many covalently connected atoms
  • molecular structure and function are inseparable
  • are polymers, built from monomers
54
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

55
Q

monomer

A

smaller, repeating molecules that serve as building blocks

56
Q

Different typed of polymers

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
57
Q

synthesis and breakdown of polymers

A
  • dehydration reaction

- hydrolysis reaction

58
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • serve as fuel and building material
  • include sugars and polymers of sugars
  • monosaccharides (simplest carbohydrate)
  • polysaccharides (polymers of many sugar building blocks)
59
Q

Sugars

A
  • monosaccharides (molecular formulas usually multiples of CH2O)
  • glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
60
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by

A
  • location of carbonyl group

- number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

61
Q

Monosaccharide

A

major fuel force for cells and as raw material for building larger organic molecules

62
Q

disaccharides

A
  • forms when a dehydrations reactions joins two monosaccharides
  • called glycosidic linkage
63
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • polymers of sugar that have storage and structural roles

- function and structure are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

64
Q

storage polysaccharides

A
  • starch

- glycogen

65
Q

starch

A
  • storage polysaccharide of plants
  • consists entirely of glucose monomers
  • plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts, and other plastids
66
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Storage polysaccharides in animals
  • mainly in liver and muscle cells
  • hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when the demand or energy increases
67
Q

Cellulose

A

Major component of plant cell walls

-polymer of glucose but glycosidic linkages differ from those of starch

68
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

-cellulose contains beta glucose instead of alpha glucose as in starch

69
Q

Chitin

A
  • found in arthropod exoskeletons

- also provides structural supports for fungal cell walls

70
Q

Lipids

A
  • diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
  • do not form polymers
  • little or no affinity to water (due to non polar hydrocarbons)
71
Q

types of lipids

A
  • Fats
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
72
Q

Fats

A

-Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

73
Q

Glycerol

A

three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl attached to each carbon

74
Q

fatty acids

A

consist of a carboxyl group linked to a long hydrocarbon chain

75
Q

what are fats made of

A

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol by ester linkages, known as triacylglycerol or triglyceride

76
Q

why do fats separate from water

A

water molecules and hydrogen bond together but exclude non polar fats

77
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temperature because the bonds and chains cant pack closely together
-the higher the unsaturated fat the more fluid

78
Q

Hydrogenation

A

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats, creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

79
Q

essential fatty acids

A

unsaturated fatty acids, must be supplied through diet

80
Q

functions of fats

A
  • energy storage

- to cushion and protect vital organs and to insulate the body

81
Q

structure of phospholipids

A
  • two fatty acid tails are attached to a glycerol

- it is amphipathic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

82
Q

what happens when you add a phospholipid to water

A

they self assemble into a bilayer

83
Q

steroids

A

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

84
Q

Proteins

A
  • polymers of amino acids
  • constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids
  • biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide
85
Q

Amino acid

A
  • linked together into unbranched polymers called polypeptides
  • organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acids
  • differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups
  • linked by peptide bonds (hydrolysis)
86
Q

types of amino acids

A

charged=basic or acidic

Uncharged=Polar or nonpolar

87
Q

Polypeptide

A
  • polymer of amino acids
  • range in length from a few t more than a thousand amino acids
  • has a unique linear sequence pf amino acids, with an amino end (N-terminus) and a carboxyl end (C-terminus)
88
Q

protein structure and functions

A
  • a functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded precisely into a unique shape, or conformation
  • protein function relies on its 3D structure
  • 3D structure depends on amino acid sequence
  • function usually depends on ability to recognize and bind other molecules
89
Q

Primary structures of amino acids

A
  • sequence of amino acids

- linear amino acid sequence bound by peptide bonds

90
Q

Secondary structure of amino acids

A
  • Form hydrogen bonds and bind other molecules
  • folding of primary structure, interactions occur (between amino acids) in the backbone
  • double helix
  • beta sheets
91
Q

double helix

A

coiled structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbones

92
Q

beta sheets

A

sheets arranged parallel hydrogen bonds formed between them

93
Q

tertiary structure

A

Due to distal interactions between side chains

94
Q

Quaternary structure

A

-Bonds between multiple polypetides (tetramer, dimer, multimer)

95
Q

What determines protein structure?

A

-in addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions can affect structure

96
Q

causes of denatured proteins

A
  • alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature,

- Biologically inactive

97
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

-amino acid substitution in hemoglobin
-change in glutamin to valine
-change in structure
exposes a hydrophobic region and hemoglobin interacts with and other forming a fiber
-reduces ability to transport oxygen

98
Q

Misfolded proteins

A

-associated with many diseases

99
Q

Chaperonins

A

proteins that promote proper folding of other proteins

100
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

101
Q

types of nucleic acids

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
102
Q

Structure and function of large biological molecules

A
  • In prokaryotes RNA synthesis (transcription) and protein synthesis (translation) both occur in the cytoplams
  • no membrane bound organelles in prokaryotes
  • transcription and translation occur simultaneously
103
Q

components of nucleic acids

A
  • polymers called polynucleotides
  • nucleoside=nitrogenous base and sugar
  • nucleotide=nucleoside and phosphate group
104
Q

nitrogenous bases

A 
Pyrmidines= cytosine, thymine and uracil (six membered ring
Purines= Adenine and guanine (six membered ring fused to a five membered ring)
105
Q

nucleotide polymers

A
  • adjacent nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds formed between -OH group on the carbon of one nucleotide and phosphate on the fifth carbon
  • links create sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases as appendages
  • sequence of bases in a DNA or mRNA polymer is unique for each gene
106
Q

structures of DNA molecules

A
  • double helix
  • Adenine pairs with thymine
  • cytosine pairs with guanine
107
Q

structure of RNA molecules

A
  • Single strand
  • Adenine pairs with Uracil
  • Cytosine pairs with guanine
108
Q

types of RNA

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Transfer RNA
109
Q

Genomics

A

refers to the analysis of large sets of genes, or comparisons of whole genomes of different species

110
Q

Proteomics

A

analysis of large sets of proteins, including their amino acid sequence

111
Q

DNA sequence

A

codes for amino acid sequence

112
Q

Bioinformatics

A

uses compotational approaches to deal with the data resulting from the sequencing of many genomes

biology 1020 (1 decks)

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