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Biology Keystone Vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A term that describes a nonliving factor in an ecosystem.

A

Abiotic

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2
Q

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy
provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane.

A

Active Transport

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3
Q

A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its
high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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4
Q

The intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules. Capillary action results from the adhesive properties of
water and the molecules that make up plant cells.

A

Adhesion

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5
Q

The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of various organisms.

A

Agriculture

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6
Q

A variation of a gene’s nucleotide sequence (an alternative form of a gene).

A

Allele

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7
Q

The measure of the relative frequency of an allele at a genetic locus in a population; expressed as a proportion or
percentage.

A

Allele Frequency

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8
Q

A physical structure, present in multiple species, that is similar in function but different in form and inheritance.

A

Analogous Structure

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9
Q

A term that describes an organism associated with a water environment.

A

Aquatic

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10
Q

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element.

A

Atom

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11
Q

The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.

A

Biochemical Conversion

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12
Q

The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems.

A

Bioenergetics

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13
Q 
The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as
nutrient cycles (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).
A

Biogeochemical Cycles

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14
Q

A group of biomacromolecules that interact with biological systems and their environments.

A

Biological Macromolecules

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15
Q

The scientific study of life.

A

Biology

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16
Q

A large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to that environment.

A

Biome

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17
Q

The zone of life on Earth; sum total of all ecosystems on Earth.

A

Biosphere

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18
Q

Any procedure or methodology that uses biological systems or living organisms to develop or modify either products or
processes for specific use. This term is commonly associated with genetic engineering, which is one of many applications.

A

Biotechnology

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19
Q

A term that describes a living or once‐living organism in an ecosystem.

A

Biotic

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20
Q

A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and serves as a major source of
energy for living organisms (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose).

A

Carbohydrate

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21
Q

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules
into and out of cells; also known as transport proteins.

A

Carrier (Transport) Proteins

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22
Q

A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions
(e.g., lower temperature) than otherwise possible without being changed by the reaction.

A

Catalyst

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23
Q

The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common components: genetic material,
cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain specialized organelles.

A

Cell

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24
Q

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are
interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis.

A

Cell Cycle

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25
Q

A complex set of chemical reactions involving an energy transformation where potential chemical energy in the
bonds of “food” molecules is released and partially captured in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.

A

Cellular Respiration

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26
Q

An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms where photosynthesis
occurs.

A

Chloroplast

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27
Q

A change in the structure of a chromosome (e.g., deletion, the loss of a segment of a chromosome and thus the loss of
segment containing genes; duplication, when a segment of a chromosome is duplicated and thus displayed more than
once on the chromosome; inversion, when a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse order; and
translocation, when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome).

A

Chromosomal Mutation

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28
Q

A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and
circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic
number of chromosomes.

A

Chromosomes

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29
Q

A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source (e.g., DNA cloning, the transfer of a
DNA fragment from one organism to a self‐replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid; reproductive cloning,
the transfer of genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed for
the purpose of creating an embryo that can produce an exact genetic copy of the donor organism; or therapeutic
cloning, the process of taking undifferentiated embryonic cells [STEM cells] for use in medical research).

A

Cloning

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30
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of two alleles in a heterozygous genotype express each
phenotype of each allele fully and equally; a phenotype which would not be expressed in any other genotypic
combination.

A

Co‐dominance

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31
Q

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from the cohesive properties of water.

A

Cohesion

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32
Q

Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment.

A

Community (Ecological)

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33
Q

When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as territory, mates, water, and food in
the same environment.

A

Competition

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34
Q

The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance.

A

Concentration

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35
Q

The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution.

A

Concentration Gradient

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36
Q

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

A

Consumer (Ecological)

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37
Q

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis; contributes to
the genetic variability in gametes and ultimately in offspring.

A

Crossing‐over

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38
Q

The final phase of a cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

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39
Q

An organism that obtains nutrients by consuming dead and decaying organic matter which allows nutrients to be
accessible to other organisms.

A

Decomposer

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40
Q

A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms and is capable of self‐replication
and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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41
Q

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; a natural result of
kinetic molecular energy.

A

Diffusion

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42
Q

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

A

DNA Replication

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43
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is completely expressed within a homozygous and
heterozygous genotype.

A

Dominant Inheritance

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44
Q

The study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment.

A

Ecology

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45
Q

A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment.

A

Ecosystem

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46
Q

The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things

A

Embryology

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47
Q

A species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographic area.

A

Endemic Species

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48
Q

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

A

Endocytosis

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49
Q

An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs, responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of
materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell. There are two forms of this organelle: rough ER that has surface
ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of proteins mostly destined for export by the cell and smooth ER that has no
ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as the transport of synthesized macromolecules.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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50
Q

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

A

Endosymbiosis

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51
Q

A model that illustrates the biomass productivity at multiple trophic levels in a given ecosystem.

A

Energy Pyramid

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52
Q

A process in which energy changes from one form to another form while some of the energy is lost to the environment.

A

Energy Transformation

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53
Q

The total surroundings of an organism or a group of organisms.

A

Environment

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54
Q

A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction; an organic catalyst.

A

Enzyme

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55
Q

A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus, specialized organelles
in the cytoplasm, and a mitotic nuclear division cycle.

A

Eukaryote

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56
Q

A process in which new species develop from preexisting species (biological evolution or macroevolution);
a change in the allele frequencies of a population of organisms from generation to generation
(genetic evolution or microevolution).

A

Evolution

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57
Q

A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with
the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.

A

Exocytosis

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58
Q

term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

A

Extinction

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59
Q

Located outside a cell.

A

Extracellular

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60
Q 
A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid
of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy
A

Facilitated Diffusion

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61
Q

A simplified path illustrating the passing of potential chemical energy (food) from one organism to another organism.

A

Food Chain

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62
Q

A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms.

A

Food Web

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63
Q

The science of tests and techniques used during the investigation of crimes.

A

Forensics

64
Q

The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on Earth.

A

Fossils

65
Q

A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals from
a larger population.

A

Founder Effect

66
Q

The addition (insertion mutation) or removal (deletion mutation) of one or more nucleotides that is not indivisible by
three, therefore resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence than would be normal. The earlier in the
sequence nucleotides are added or removed, the more altered the protein will be.

A

Frame‐shift Mutation

67
Q

The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid.

A

Freezing Point

68
Q

A specialized cell (egg or sperm) used in sexual reproduction containing half the normal number of chromosomes of a
somatic cell.

A

Gamete

69
Q

A sequence of nucleotides composing a segment of DNA that provides a blueprint for a specific hereditary trait.

A

Gene

70
Q

The process in which a nucleotide sequence of a gene is used to make a functional product such as protein or RNA.

A

Gene Expression

71
Q

A natural process in which a nucleic acid molecule (usually DNA but can be RNA) is broken and then joined to
a different molecule; a result of crossing‐over.

A

Gene Recombination

72
Q

A type of gene recombination in which the DNA is intentionally broken and recombined using laboratory techniques.

A

Gene Splicing

73
Q

The intentional insertion, alteration, or deletion of genes within an individual’s cells and tissues for the purpose of
treating a disease

A

Gene Therapy

74
Q

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

A

Genetic Drift

75
Q

A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in
desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.

A

Genetic Engineering

76
Q

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.

A

Genetically Modified Organism

77
Q

The scientific study of inheritance.

A

Genetics

78
Q

The genetic composition of an organism with reference to a single trait, a set of traits, or the entire complement of traits
of an organism.

A

Genotype

79
Q

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for the final stages of processing proteins for release by the cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus

80
Q

A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications
(mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.

A

Gradualism

81
Q

An area that provides an organism with its basic needs for survival.

A

Habitat

82
Q

The regulatory process in which an organism regulates its internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

83
Q

A regulatory mechanism that contributes to maintaining a state of equilibrium (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation,
and oxygen regulation).

A

Homeostatic Mechanism

84
Q

A physical characteristic in different organisms that is similar because it was inherited from a common ancestor.

A

Homologous Structure

85
Q

A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.

A

Hypothesis

86
Q

Not permitting passage of a substance or substances.

A

Impermeable

87
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive.
The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

A

Incomplete Dominance

88
Q

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

A

Inheritance

89
Q

The longest‐lasting phase of the cell cycle in which a cell performs the majority of its functions, such as preparing for
nuclear division and cytokinesis.

A

Interphase

90
Q

Located inside a cell.

A

Intracellular

91
Q

Features of behaviors, morphology, or genetics which serve to prevent mating or breeding between two different
species (e.g., temporal isolation, in which individuals are active at different times of the day, seasons, or mating periods;
ecological isolation, in which individuals only mate in their specific habitat; behavioral isolation, when there are no
sexual cues between representatives of the species; mechanical isolation, when there is no sperm transfer during an
attempted mating; and gametic incompatibility, when there is sperm transfer without fertilization occurring).

If mating can take place, there are four factors that prevent hybrid viability: zygotic mortality (fertilization but no zygote),
hybrid inviability (embryo is not viable), hybrid sterility (resulting adult is sterile), and hybrid breakdown (first generation
is viable but future generations are not).

A

Isolating Mechanisms

92
Q

A law that generalizes a body of observations. At the time it is made, no exceptions have been found to a law.
It explains things but does not describe them; serves as the basis of scientific principles.

A

Law (Scientific)

93
Q

Chemical or physical factor that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an individual organism
or a population.

A

Limiting Factor

94
Q

A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of
oxygen; are insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy, and are a component of cell membranes.

A

Lipids

95
Q

A polymer with a high molecular mass. Within organisms there are four main groups: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.

A

Macromolecule

96
Q

The combination of components and processes that serve a common function.

A

Mechanism (Scientific)

97
Q

A two‐phase nuclear division that results in the eventual production of gametes with half the normal number of
chromosomes.

A

Meiosis

98
Q

The permanent movement of genes into or out of a population resulting in a change in allele frequencies.

A

Migration (Genetics)

99
Q

A membrane‐bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular respiration.

A

Mitochondrion

100
Q

A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as
the original cell.

A

Mitosis

101
Q

The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and
is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces.

A

Molecule

102
Q

A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer.
Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers.

A

Monomer

103
Q

Made up of more than one cell.

A

Multicellular

104
Q

More than two forms of a gene controlling the expression of a trait.

A

Multiple Alleles

105
Q

A permanent transmissible change of genetic material (e.g., chromosomal mutations and gene mutations).

A

Mutation

106
Q

A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain inherited traits are better able to survive and reproduce
compared to others of their species.

A

Natural Selection

107
Q

The process in which sister chromatids fail to separate during and after mitosis or meiosis.

A

Nondisjunction

108
Q

A species normally living outside a distribution range that has been introduced through either deliberate or
accidental human activity; also can be known as introduced, invasive, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic.

A

Nonnative Species

109
Q

A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.

A

Nucleic Acid

110
Q

A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and,
through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities.

A

Nucleus

111
Q

An anatomical unit composed of tissues serving a common function.

A

Organ

112
Q

An anatomical system composed of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or task.

A

Organ System

113
Q

A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function.

A

Organelle

114
Q

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.

A

Organic Molecule

115
Q

A form of life; an animal, plant, fungus, protist or bacterium.

A

Organism

116
Q

The movement of water or another solvent through permeable membranes from an area of higher water concentration
(dilute) to an area of lower water concentration (concentrated).

A

Osmosis

117
Q

The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.

A

Passive Transport

118
Q

The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of an aqueous solution scaling from 1 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline)
with a midpoint of 7 (neutral).

A

pH

119
Q

The observable expression of a genotype.

A

Phenotype

120
Q

A process in which solar radiation is chemically captured by chlorophyll molecules and through a set of
controlled chemical reactions resulting in the potential chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrate molecules.

A

Photosynthesis

121
Q

A thin, phospholipid and protein molecule bilayer that encapsulates a cell and controls the movement of materials
in and out of the cell through active or passive transport.

A

Plasma Membrane

122
Q

A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for
the synthesis and storage of food.

A

Plastids

123
Q

A single‐base substitution causing the replacement of a single‐base nucleotide with another nucleotide
(e.g., silent mutation, in which there is no change in an amino acid; missense mutation, in which there is
a different amino acid; and nonsense mutation, in which there is an insertion of a stop codon in the amino acid
which stops protein synthesis).

A

Point Mutation

124
Q

A trait in which the phenotype is controlled by two or more genes at different loci on different chromosomes.

A

Polygenic Trait

125
Q

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and reproducing.

A

Population

126
Q

The study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by
birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

A

Population Dynamics

127
Q

A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present, true, and valid) where
general agreement is present.

A

Principle (Scientific)

128
Q

An organism that uses a primary energy source to conduct photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

A

Producer (Ecological)

129
Q

A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles.

A

Prokaryote

130
Q

A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.

A

Protein

131
Q

The process in which amino acids are arranged in a linear sequence through the processes of transcription of DNA and
to RNA and the translation of RNA to a polypeptide chain.

A

Protein Synthesis

132
Q

Any of several molecular mechanisms in which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring
the use of an energy source (e.g., glucose, sodium [Na+], calcium [Ca+], and potassium [K+]).

A

Pumps (Ion or Molecular)

133
Q

A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that species are generally stable over long periods of time.
Occasionally there are rapid changes that affect some species which can quickly result in a new species.

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

134
Q

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is only expressed within a homozygous genotype.
In a heterozygous condition with a dominant allele, it is not expressed in the phenotype.

A

Recessive Inheritance

135
Q

A cellular structure composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

A

Ribosome

136
Q

A body of evidence‐based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and
technology.

A

Science

137
Q

The process of breeding organisms that results on offspring with desired genetic traits.

A

Selective Breeding

138
Q

The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a
template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule.

A

Semiconservative Replication

139
Q

A trait, associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female parent (e.g., color blindness and
sickle‐cell anemia).

A

Sex‐linked Trait

140
Q

A process typically caused by the genetic isolation from a main population resulting in a new genetically distinct species.

A

Speciation

141
Q

The lowest taxonomic level of biological classification consisting of organisms capable of reproduction that results
in fertile offspring.

A

Species

142
Q

The measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a
certain temperature interval.

A

Specific Heat

143
Q

A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time

A

Succession

144
Q

A relationship between two organisms (i.e., mutualism, in which both organisms benefit; parasitism, in which one
organism benefits and the other organism is harmed; and commensalism, in which one organism benefits and the other
organism does not benefit or is not harmed).

A

Symbiotic Relationship

145
Q

A set of interacting or interdependent components, real or abstract, that form an integrated whole. An open system is
able to interact with its environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment.

A

System

146
Q

A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in a sample of matter. This physical property can
determine the rate and extent to which chemical reactions can occur within living systems. It is commonly measured in
degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).

A

Temperature

147
Q

A term that describes an organism associated with a land environment.

A

Terrestrial

148
Q

An explanation of observable phenomena based on available empirical data and guided by a system of logic that includes
scientific laws; provides a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict,
or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specific set of phenomena.

A

Theory (Scientific)

149
Q

An anatomical unit composed of cells organized to perform a similar function.

A

Tissue

150
Q

The process in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by using the genetic information found on a
strand DNA as a template.

A

Transcription

151
Q

The process in which the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule on a ribosome is decoded to produce a sequence of
amino acids for protein synthesis.

A

Translation

152
Q

The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

A

Translocation

153
Q

The position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through an ecosystem
(e.g., producer, consumer, and decomposer).

A

Trophic Level

154
Q

Made up of a single cell.

A

Unicellular

155
Q

A physical characteristic in organisms that appears to have lost its original function as a species has changed over time.

A

Vestigial Structure

Science (1 decks)

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