Biology junior cert Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the characteristics of living things?

A

● M​ovement - walking, running, flying
● R​espiration - the releases of energy from food
● S​ensitivity - the way living things respond to their environment
● N​utrition - the way a living thing gets its food
● E​xcretion - the removal of metabolic waste from the body
● R​eproduction - the formation of new individuals
● G​rowth - organisms get bigger as cells divide

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of animal cells?

A

● Cell membrane - holds in the contents of the cell and controls what substances enter and leave the cell
● Cytoplasm - a watery fluid in which many cell reactions take place
● Nucleus - controls the activities of the cell and contains genetic information
(chromosomes)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics plant cells?

A

● Cell wall - provides support and structure to plant cells
● Cell membrane
● Cytoplasm
● Chloroplasts - these contain chlorophyll which makes food for plant cells in
photosynthesis
● Vacuole - stores food, water and fat

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4
Q

Organization in living things

A

● A ​cell​ is the smallest part of a human being e.g red blood cells
● Tissue​ refers to a group of similar cells working together to carry out the same function
e.g blood, phloem
● Organ​ refers to two or more tissues working together e.g heart
● System​ refers to a number of organs working together to carry out a function e.g
digestive system
● Organism ​refers to a living thing

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5
Q

What are the different types of digestion?

A

● Digestion ​refers to the breakdown of food
● Digestion is necessary to break down large, insoluble food into smaller, soluble particles
so that the nutrients can be carried around the body and used
● Physical digestion ​involves teeth breaking down food
● Chemical digestion i​ nvolves the use of enzymes to break down food

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the mouth?

A

Physical digestion - teeth break down food into smaller pieces by chewing
● Chemical digestion - salivary glands makes saliva which contains the enzyme amalyse,
which digests starch to produce the sugar maltose

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the Oesophagus?

A

● Passes food to your stomach
● A muscular tube that forces food down to the stomach by using a wave of muscular
action known as peristalsis

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the stomach?

A

● Muscular bag that holds two litres of food
● Physical digestion - muscular walls churn and mix the food into chyme
● Chemical digestion - secretes hydrochloric acid to kill and soften food

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the small intestine?

A

● 6m long
● Digested food passes into the bloodstream
● Produces many enzymes to complete the digestion
● Two important liquids are added here:
1. Pancreatic juice (produced in the pancreas)
2. Bile (produced in the liver)

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Pancreas?

A

● Produces amalyse and pancreatic juice

● Produces enzymes that pass into the small intestine to help with digestion

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the liver?

A

● Produces bile which helps to digest and break down fat

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the large intestine?

A

● Mainly fibre, dead cells and water reach here
● Most of the water is absorbed into the bloodstream
● Too much liquid content will result in diarrhea
● Too much liquid taken back causes constipation
● Faeces are stored in the rectum
● Eventually excreted out of the anus, roughly 24-48hrs after eating

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13
Q

What are enzymes and list examples

A

● Catalysts ​are chemicals that speeds up a reaction without getting used up in the reaction itself
● Enzymes ​are biological catalysts and proteins
● The substance that an enzyme acts on is the ​substrate a​ nd the substance formed by
the reaction is the ​product
● Amalyse ​is an enzyme found in s​ aliva
● Amalyse ​breaks down ​starch ​to form a sugar called m​ altose
● Therefore, ​starch ​is the ​substrate a​ nd ​maltose ​is the ​product

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14
Q

What are genetics?

A

● Genetics ​refers to the study of how traits/characteristics are inherited

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15
Q

List Human Characteristics

A
Human Characteristics
● One nose
● Two eyes
● Fingernails
Variations
● Height
● Accent ● Interests
Inherited Characteristics
● Controlled by genes
● Passed on from parents to children
● Eye colour, shape of face, ability to produce substances such as saliva
Non Inherited Characteristics
● Not controlled by genes
● Learned throughout life
● Reading, musical instrument
Chromosomes
● Thread like structures
● Found in the nucleus
● Made of DNA and protein
● Contain genes (a section of DNA that can produce protein)
Chromosome numbers
● 46 chromosomes in the body
● 23 pairs (sperm and eggs only have 23 chromosomes altogether)
● At fertilisation, the number doubles to 46
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16
Q

List the function of the blood

A

Functions of blood
● Transports substances around the body
● Defence against diseases
● Keeps body temperature constant
Plasma
● Liquid
● Pale, yellow colour
● Mostly consists of water and dissolved substances
● Carries chemicals around the body (such as food and waste)
Red blood cells
● Formed in bone marrow
● Contains a red, iron based pigment called haemoglobin, which transports oxygen
White blood cells
● Formed in bone marrow
● Produces antibodies to fight infections and diseases
Platelets
● Formed in bone marrow
● Tiny fragments of larger cells
● Helps clot blood to prevent blood loss and pathogens from entering the body

17
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A
● Blood
● Heart
● Blood vessels
➢ Arteries ➢ Veins
➢ Capillaries
18
Q

List the different types of blood vessels and their function

A
Artery
● Thick walls
● Small lumen
● Blood carried under high pressure away from heart
● No valves
● Oxygen-rich blood
 Vein
● Thin walls
● Large lumen
● No pressure in blood flow
● Has valves to protect backflow of blood
● Oxygen-rich blood
● Carries blood to the heart
Capillaries
● Very thin walls
● Tiny lumen
● Blood flow under low pressure
● No valves
● Connects arteries and veins
● Materials exit and leave the blood through capillaries
19
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesize

A

Sunlight
Carbon dioxide + Water ————> Glucose + Oxygen
Chlorophyll

20
Q

What is the chemical equation

A

Sunlight
6CO​2​ + 6H​2O​ —————> C​6​H​2​O​6​ + 6O​2
Chlorophyll

21
Q

What are the products of photosynthesize

A

● Glucose
➢ Provides energy for respiration
➢ Type of sugar used by plant for energy
➢ Excess glucose stored in the form of starch ➢ Forms cellulose for new cell walls
​ Sunlight
Carbon dioxide + Water ————> Glucose + Oxygen
Chlorophyll
Sunlight
6CO​2​ + 6H​2O​ —————> C​6​H​2​O​6​ + 6O​2
Chlorophyll

● Oxygen
➢ Waste product
➢ Recycled through respiration to get chemical energy out of food

22
Q

What are the types of sexual reproduction in plants

A

Asexual Reproduction
● One parent plant
● Gametes (sex cells) are not involved
● The offspring are genetically identical to parent plant
● Example is when strawberry plants form runners
Sexual Reproduction
● Two parents needed
● A male and a female gamete is needed to fuse together to form a zygote
● New organism is not genetically identical to either parent
● Example is flowering plants

23
Q

What is the structure of a flower

A

Petal
● Protects inside the flower - reproductive parts
● Brightly coloured petals attracts insects - imported for pollination
Carpel
● Female reproductive part of the flower

Stamen
● Male reproductive part of the flower
Sepal
● Protects flower before blooming (when flower is just a bud)

24
Q

What is Ecology?

A

● Ecology ​refers to the study of the relationships between plants, animals and their environment

25
Q

What are ecosystems?

A
Ecosystems
● All the plants and animals in an area interacting with each other and their environment
● Deserts
● Tropical rainforests
● Grasslands
● Seashores
26
Q

What is a habitat?

A
Habitat
● The area where a plant or an animal lives
● Grassland
● Rocky seashore
● Hedgerow
● Woodland
● Local park
● School field
● Pond
27
Q

What is a producer?

A

Producer

● Plants that make their own food

28
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Consumer
● Animals and cannot and make their own food
● Get food by eating plants or other animals

29
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

● An animal that eats plants only

30
Q

What a carnivore?

A

Carnivore

● An animal that eats other animals (meat) only

31
Q

What is a Omnivore?

A

Omnivore

● An animal that eats both plants and animals

32
Q

What is the food chain?

A

Food chain
● A list of living things in which each one is eaten by the next one in the chain
● Producer → Consumer 1 → Consumer 2
● Always begin a food chain with the producer e.g grass, algae, buttercups
● Use arrows to show the direction in which the food passes
● Food chains usually consist of 3 or 4 organisms because less and less energy is passed on from each organism throughout the food chain

33
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Refers to when an organism has characteristics that make it well suited to its environment
● Caterpillars are the same colour as their food is an example of adaptation

34
Q

What is interdependence?

A

● When two different organisms need each other in order to survive

35
Q

What is microbiology?

A

● Refers to the study of very small organisms

● Micro-organisms are bacteria, viruses and fungi

36
Q

What is bacteria?

A
● Only one cell big - single celled
● No proper nucleus
● Aerobic (needs oxygen to respire)
● Some are anaerobic (doesn’t need oxygen to respire and produce energy)
● Reproduce asexually and very quickly
● Present everywhere
● Many different species
● Most are harmless to humans
● Most are saprophytes (takes food from dead sources)
37
Q

What are viruses?

A
Viruses
● Smallest micro-organism
● Living organism? Or not?
➢ Not made up of cells
➢ Not capable of reproducing on its own
➢ Have small piece of genetic material - DNA surrounded by a protein coat
● Do not reproduce but they replicate by entering a host cell, makes 1000s of copies of themselves, burst the host cell to release the new viruses
● Cannot use antibiotics to kill them
38
Q

What are fungi?

A
Useful fungi
● Food source e.g some mushrooms
● Yeast - baking industry and brewing industry
● Antibiotics - penicillin
● Decomposers - recycle minerals
39
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

● Refers to the use of living things or parts of living things to make useful products