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Science > Biology - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Biology - Human Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ovaries

A

Store and release eggs.

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2
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Carry the egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here.

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3
Q

Uterus

A

Is where the fertilized egg becomes implanted and finds nourishment.

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4
Q

Cervix

A

Leads from vagina to the uterus

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5
Q

Vagina

A

Holds the male penis during sexual intercourse.

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6
Q

Ovulation

A

An egg is released from the ovary an average of 28 days

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7
Q

Menstruation

A

Uterus becomes thicker and rich in blood vessels to be ready to receive egg, if egg is not fertilized by a sperm the thickened uterus lining is not needed and breaks away. Menstruation is also called period

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8
Q

Fertile Period

A

The days of the menstrual cycle when the woman is most likely to become pregnant, intercourse 2 or 3 days before , during or after ovulation could lead to fertilization because sperm cells can survive for this long.

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9
Q

Pause to menstrual cycle

A

If an egg is fertilized, the menstrual cycle is paused for the duration of pregnancy. The first sign of pregnancy is often that menstruation does not happen.

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10
Q

Menopause

A

Signals the end of the females ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstrual cycle. It happens at different ages for different people, typically in the late 40s to early 50s

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11
Q

Testes

A

Produce sperm

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12
Q

Scrotum

A

Is located outside the body to ensure the temperature is lower than body temperature for healthy sperm

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13
Q

Epididymis

A

Clicked tube on the outside of each testis that stores sperm and allows them to mature fully.

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14
Q

Vas deferens

A

Brings the sperm from the testes to the penis

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15
Q

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland

A

They produce fluid which mixes with sperm to from semen, it nourishes the sperm and allows the to swim.

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16
Q

Penis

A

Enters the female and ejaculates semen.

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17
Q

Puberty

A

When the body starts becoming sexually mature. Normally happens between the ages of 10 and 18 .

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18
Q

Male puberty

A

In males, sex hormones are released causing the voice to deepen, hair grows around the sex organs, face, chest and underarms, the testes and penis grow bigger and start to produce sperm.

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19
Q

Female puberty

A

In females when the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) are released the breasts develop, hips widen, and hair begins to grow on the body, first egg released from ovaries which leads to the first period, an egg is released every month until the menopause

20
Q

Fertilization

A

If an egg is present in the Fallopian tube, and a couple have sexual intercourse, then one of the sperm cells may fuse with it.

The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse together to form a fertilized egg

The woman is now pregnant

21
Q

Embryo

A

The fertilized egg then divides a number of times and the tiny group of cells moves down the Fallopian tubes to the uterus. This group of cells settles into the lining of the uterus and continues to divide to form an embryo.

22
Q

Zygote -> Embryo -> Foetus

A

Egg and sperm fuse to form a single - Zygote
Cell division occurs and growth - Embryo -which attaches to the lining of the uterus (implantation) grows more, and then looks like a human after 8 weeks
-> Foetus

23
Q

Pregnancy

A

Average length of pregnancy is 40 weeks. As embryo develops in the uterus it is protected inside a bag of fluid called amniotic fluid. This fluid provides a cushion for the embryo.

24
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Joins the embryo to the placenta

25
Q

Placenta

A

Rich in blood vessels, here that food and oxygen from the mothers blood passes into the baby’s blood. Also wastes such as carbon dioxide pass from the baby’s blood into the mother

26
Q

Labour

A

happens when the uterus muscles start to contract.

27
Q

Water breaks

A

When the bag of amniotic fluids bursts and further contractions push baby out usually head first through the vagina.

28
Q

After birth

A

The umbilical cord is cut and the placenta (afterbirth) comes out after.

29
Q

Lactation

A

The mother may choose to breastfeed the infant. This is called lactation.

30
Q

Colostrum

A

The first three days of milk, Very nutritious, and helps protect the baby from infection

31
Q

Family Planning

A

To control the number of children you have you need to control the number of time fertilization takes place

32
Q

Natural methods of contraception

A

To detect the day ovulation takes place and avoid intercourse during the fertile window

33
Q

Artificial methods of contraception

A
  • an example of this is a condom which prevents sperm entering the vagina
  • another example is the contraceptive pill which prevents ovulation
  • it is important to realize no method is 100% reliable
34
Q

Inherited characteristics

A

Many physical characteristics such as eye colour and shape of ears were inherited from your parents. The instructions for these inherited characteristics were carried in the two cells that made you the egg and sperm

35
Q

Chromosomes and genes

A

The nucleus of each sex cell (gamete) contains 23 thread like structures called

36
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are made of protein + DNA

These chromosomes carry genes

37
Q

Genes

A

are chemicals found on chromosomes that pass on information from parents to children

38
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

39
Q

Taxonomy

A

is the science of classifying organisms.

40
Q

Classification

A

is the placing of organisms into groups, based on similar characteristics. This simplifies the study of organisms and allow scientists to communicate with each other. The basic unit of classification is the species.

41
Q

A species

A

is a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. (Liger = sterile offspring of a male lion and a female tiger) (A mule is the sterile offspring of a male donkey and a female horse)

42
Q

Heredity

A

is the handing down of certain traits from parents to offspring through genes e.g. length of nose.

43
Q

Variation

A

Variation means the differences in characteristics between members of the same species. Variations can be acquired (‘picked up’ during the life of the organism) e.g. riding a bicycle or inherited (genetic – can be passed on to next generation) e.g. tongue rolling.

44
Q

Natural Selection

A

is the process by which the members of a species who are best suited to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce.

45
Q

Variation caused by environment

A

(where and how we live). Our body fat is caused by how much we eat and how much exercise we do, and any hormonal factors affecting our body.

Science (6 decks)

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