Biology - Gr. 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the levels of Organization
ex. humans - population etc.
A
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs (then Organ systems)
Organism
2
Q
What are Organelles?
A
A tiny cellular structure that performs a specfic function in a cell.
3
Q
What are Cells?
A
The smallest unit of living (each cell contains many organelles)
4
Q
What are tissues and organs?
A
- A group of cells with similar function and structure
- A group of tissues that perform a specifc function in an organism
5
Q
Name three points of cell theory
A
- All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells
- Cells are the smallest unit of living
- New cells arise from existing cells
6
Q
What are the two types of cells
A
- Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotes
7
Q
What are prokaryotes
A
- Do not contain membrane bound organelles
- Do not contain a nucleus
- Unicellular
- Ex. Bacteria Cells
8
Q
What are Eukaryotes
A
- Contain membrane bound Organelles (ER, golgi, vacoule)
- Contains a nucleus
- Unicellular or Multicellular
Ex. animal or plant cells
9
Q
Organelles
T/F: Both plant and Animal cells have all the same types of organelles
A
F: Plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall which are not found in animal cells
10
Q
Organelles
What is cytoplasm?
A
- A jelly-like fluid found inside the cell
- Transports nutrients and waste throughout the cell
holds organelles in place
11
Q
Organelles
What is a nucleus?
A
- controls all the cell functions in a cell
- contains nuclear membrane, chromosomes and nucleolus
- Controls and regulates activites within the cell eg. growth, metabolism etc.
Aka “control centre” or “brain” of a cell
12
Q
Organelles
What is a Nucleolus
A
- Small spherical structure found within the nucleaus
- Produces Ribosomes
13
Q
Organelles
What are ribosomes
A
- Makes protein through protein synthesis
14
Q
Organelles
What is the mitochondria
A
- Provides the cell with energy through cellular respiration
- Food turns into energy (ATP)
Aka. The “powerhouse of a cell”
15
Q
Organelles
What is the cell membrane
A
-A semi-permeable membrane (some in some no, some out, some no)
- Surrounds the entire cell
- Regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
16
Q
Organelles
What are chromosomes
A
- Thread like material that contains genetic information
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA
In Prokaryotic:they are mesy
Eukaryotic: coiled amd condensed in nucleus
17
Q
Organelles
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A
- A network of interconnecting canals that carry material throughout the cell//
18
Q
Organelles
What are the two types of ER?
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- Rough ER (has ribosomes attached to it)
- Smooth ER (does not have ribosomes attached to it)
19
Q
Organelles
What is the golgi apparatus
A
- Stores, modifies and packages proteins
- moves materials around the cell
20
Q
Organelles
What is a chromatin?
A
The material of which organsims are made up of
Has DNA, RNA and protein
21
Q
Organelles
What are lysosomes
A
- Breaks down food and digests waste and old cell parts
Removes “garbage” from the cell
22
Q
Organelles
What are Vacuoles
A
- Membrane bound storage cells (holds water, nutrients and molecules)
In plant AND animal cells
23
Q
Organelles
What are Chloroplasts
A
- Contain Chlorophyll (green)
- Photosynthesis takes place here
- Closely stacked, flatted sacs
In PLANT cells ONLY
24
Q
Organelles
What is a cell wall
A
- surrounds the cell membrane and provides structural support
- Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape
In PLANT cells ONLY
25
What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells
Animal cells:
- cell membrane
- **many** vacuoles
- **no** chloroplast
- **smaller** sized
Plant Cells:
-Cell wall + cell membrane
- **1** Vacuole
- Contains Chloroplast
- **Bigger** in size
26
# Mitosis
What are the three functions of Cell Division
1. Reproduction
2. Growth and Development
3. Tissue Repair and Renewal
| All organisms use cell dividon to reproduce
27
# Mitosis
What is Asexual reproduction
When a single-celled organism divides, it produces two new organisms that have the **exact same** DNA as the original cell.
| Mother cell makes two daughter cells
28
# Mitosis
What is Sexual reproduction
When a sex cell from one parent joins another sex cell from another parent
| Many multicellular organisms require two parents to reproduce
29
# Mitosis
T/F: The rate at which cells divide are different for every type of cell
T: The cells that make up your **skin** or **stomach** **lining** divide at a **steady** rate to replace the cells that are worn away
- cells that make up your muscles and nerves may increase in size but do **not** divide once they form.
| As the multicellular organism grows, the number of cells increase
30
# Mitosis
Instead of cell divison, why doesn't a cell simply grow larger?
As a cell gets **larger**, the ratio of its surface area to its volume **decreases**
A larger cell will **NOT** have enough surface area for the passage of all the nutrients it needs and all the wastes it produces.
| If cells grow too big transportation would be slow, garbage build up
## Footnote
Nutrients and waste move through a cell through a process called diffusion
31
# Mitosis
Fill in the blank:
Cell -------- allows organisms
to repair --------
Cell **division** allows organisms
to repair **injuries/cuts etc.**
32
# Mitosis
What is a haploid and a diploid?
Haploid:
- 1 set of genes (chromosomes)
- 23 haploid in humans (sex cells)
Diploid:
- 2 complete set of genes (chromosomes)
- 46 diploids in humans (all body cells)
33
# Mitosis
What is:
A Parent cell
A daughter cell
1. The **original** cell
2. The **New** cells that result from division
| Mitosis preserves chromosomes and DNA number if the original cell had 46
34
# Mitosis
Fill in the blank:
Mitosis ------------- chromosomes and DNA number. If the ---------- cell had 46 chromosomes, each of the new --------- cells will have --------- chromosomes!
Mitosis **preserves** chromosomes and DNA number. If the **original**
cell had 46 chromosomes, each of the new **daughter** cells will have **46** chromosomes!
35
# Mitosis
What is Mitosis
Mitosis is a form of **asexual** reproduction that results in the production of identical offspring from **ONE** parent
| Mitosis occurs in somatic (body) cells.
36
# Mitosis
How many cells in the first division? What about the 2nd and third?
1st, 2 cells
2nd, 4 cells
3rd, 8 cells
37
# Mitosis
What is the structure of chromosomes after duplication?
- made up of DNA
- The two sister chromatids are held together at the centromere
38
# Mitosis
What is DNA and gene?
- DNA is found in the cell nucleus and contains genetic information
- Gene is a segment of DNA that controls protein production and determines your physical traits
39
# Mitosis
What has to happen before Mitosis occurs?
the parent cell **must** duplicate its DNA **before** it divides into 2 daughter cells
40
# Mitosis
What is a zygote?
Zygote: a unicellular organism formed when a sperm fertilizes with an ovum (egg)
* Through the process of mitosis, the zygote becomes you!
* Trillions of cells, a multicellular-organism
41
# Mitosis
What is a chromatin and chromatid?
Chromatin:
- Unwound DNA
- Found throught interphase
Chromatid:
- Tightly packed
- Found **only** during mitosis (cell division)
42
# Mitosis
What does the cell cycle consist of?
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitotic (M) phase
Cytokinesis
43
# Mitosis
What are the parts of interphase
- G1 (Growth): cell grows, builds organelles & proteins etc.
- S phase (DNA synthesis): cell duplicates its DNA
- G2: cell grows and prepares for mitosis
| Interphase accounts for 90% of cell divison
44
# Mitosis
What are the 5 phases of Mitosis?
1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
45
# Mitosis
What is the last cycle of mitosis
Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm and the nuclei (genetical materials) are equally divided between the daughter cells
46
# Mitosis
What is prometaphase (Late prophase)
* The two centrosomes, are at opposite ends of the cell
* The nuclear envelope fragments (or breaks down)
47
# Mitosis
What is interphase
Only chromatin are seen
* BUT, the amount of DNA has doubled!
* Each centrosome contains 2 centrioles
48
# Mitosis
What is Prophase
* Centrioles move apart from each other as mitotic spindle grow out of them.
* Chromatin fibres become more tightly coiled and condensed into chromosomes and can be seen with a light microscope
49
# Mitosis
What is Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell at the equator or metaphase plate
* Spindle fibres from opposite poles attach to the centromere of each chromosome
50
# Mitosis
What is Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate & move to opposite poles
51
# Mitosis
What is Telophase
Chromosomes start to unwind into strands of less-visible chromatin
* Spindle fibres break down
* Nuclear membrane & nucleus reappears
52
# Mitosis
What is Cytokinesis
* Each daughter cell has as complete set of
chromosomes in a nucleus and its own share of cytoplasm and organelles
53
# Mitosis
What is cytokinesis in plant cells
Plant: a cell plate forms the Golgi body starts to produce small vesicles. Each of these sacs carries the materials needed to
form a new cell wall
* The vesicles fuse together to form a cell plate which grows outward, dividing the cytoplasm into two.
* Cell plate becomes cell wall
54
# Mitosis
What is cytokinesis in animal cells
In animals, a cleavage furrow forms (pinches in)
* A ring of specialized proteins around the middle of the cell starts to contract
* The new cells are at the beginning of interphase, ready to begin the cell cycle
again!
55
# Mitosis
If having trouble with mitosis watch this video -->
https://www.britannica.com/science/cell-cycle
56
# Specialized Cells
What are stem cells
-Found in all multi-cellular organisms, they are able to develop into specialized cells.
- They have the ability to:
-undergo mitotic division
- Differentiate into several different types of cells
| Two types: **Adult** stem cells and **Embryonic** stem cells
57
# Specialized Cells
Give an example of a specialized cell
| Answers may vary
Muscle cell:
- Long and thin structure allows cell to change size when it contracts
- Branching pattern that increase muscle strength
- Lots of mitochondria supply the energy required to change shape
Blood cell:
- Donut like shape
- Dent in the middle that provides a large surface area to carry oxygen
| ex. blood cells, nerve cells, fat, liver, etc.
58
# Specialized Cells
Can a specialized cell use cell divsion to create a daughter cell with a different specialization?
Once specialized, cells are “stuck”. All their daughter cells will perform the same job.
59
# Specialized Cells
What is cell Specialization?
- Found in multicellular organisms
- The more cells an organism has, the more likely its cells are to be adapted to do a particular job
- Specialized cells have different structure and function depending on it’s job
- Cells becoming Specialized cells as we develop
| Plants also have specialized cells
60
# Specialized Cells
Why is it important for cell specialization
Our body has different needs (waste disposal, energy, transportation), but every cell can’t digest food, fight disease, carry nutrients
So...
To accommodate the needs of the organism specialized cells are formed to carry out a specific function (i.e., perform one job very well)
61
# Cancer
What is cancer?
It is a group of diseases characterized by rapid, unregulated growth and division of the cells (i.e., uncontrolled mitosis)
Normally, once cells in your body have specialized, they divide only to replace damaged cells. Therefore, the group of cells lose their original function
62
# Cancer
Did you know: there are checkpoints in the cell cycle
- The cells activities during the cell cycle are controlled by specific proteins at specific points called checkpoints
-These proteins send messages to the nucleus
- The nucleus then instructs the cell as to whether it should divide or not
63
# Cancer
What are cell mutations
- Mutations are a permanent change in a cells DNA
- Cancer results from a mutation that controls the cells division signals (uncontrollable division = cancer)
- This mutation is passed to other cells during mitosis
| Mutations can be Inherted Ocur randmly result from environment factors
64
# Cancer
What are tumours
Mass of cells caused by the uncontrolled growth and division that forms a lump
65
# Cancer
What is a bengin tumour?
-**Not** cancerous
-Cells stay together and have **no** or very **little** effect on the surrounding tissues
- Can sometimes grow so large that it crowds neighbouring cells and tissues
| Can not metastasize
66
# Cancer
What is a malignant tumour
-**Are** cancerous
- Interferes with the function of the neighbouring cells and tissues
- May destroy surrounding tissues
- Can metastasize
| metastasize: ths spread of cancer cells throughout the body
67
# Cancer
What is Metastasis
- When cancer cells break away from the original or primary tumour and spread in the body
- If they settle in another area of the body they can cause a new tumour to form
68
# Cancer
Compare normal cells to cancer cells
Normal cells:
-cells communicate
- cannot normally divide when in isolation
- Normal cells adhere to each other
- Have a nucleus and nucleolus
Cancer cells:
- Cells do not communicate
-Cancer cells can reproduce in isolation
-Cancer cells do not adhere to each other
-Have multiple nuclei and nucleolus
| These characteristics give cancer the power to dislodge or metastasize
69
# Caner
70
# Cancer
