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BIOT2Y10 > Biology- Genes, Dna, Rna etc. > Flashcards

Biology- Genes, Dna, Rna etc. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Nitrogenous Bases?

A

A- Adenine
T- Thymine
G- Guanine
C- Cytosine

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2
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

It is made up of phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What is the only way a nucleotide can be changed?

A

By the nitrogenous base

This is because the sugar and phosphate are always the same

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4
Q

Which nitrogenous bases pair with which?

A

A (Adenine) & T (Thymine)

G (Guanine) & C (Cytosine)

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5
Q

Why are there specific pairs?

A

‘The Complementary Base Pair Rule’

because the nitrogenous bases have different shapes.

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6
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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7
Q

What is a DNA strand made of?

A

Nucleotides (deoxyribose sugars, phosphate, and nitrogenous base)`

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8
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

In the nucleus of every cell

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9
Q

How is DNA arranged structurally?

A

double helix (2 DNA Strands twisted together)
Two strands- sugar-phosphate backbone (made from deoxyribose sugars and phosphates)
Nitrogenous bases extend from the sugar backbone
The Nitrogenous bases then connect with the other half of the pair

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10
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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11
Q

What is the flow of transcription?

A

DNA-> RNA-> Protein

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12
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of DNA making a copy of itself (Messenger RNA- MRNA) to then go to the ribosome

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13
Q

How is RNA produced?

A

Through Transcription

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14
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

When a whole strand of DNA is opened and replicated to form a second DNA strand

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15
Q

How is transcription and DNA replication different?

A

In transcription, only one gene on the DNA strand opens up to be turned into a protein, rather than the whole strand opening to be replicated

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16
Q

Is the original DNA strand affected in transcription?

A

No- it is considered a template strand

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17
Q

RNA the nitrogenous bases have different pairings

A 
T & A
A& U 
C& G
G & C
*No T's in RNA
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18
Q

What is Translation?

A

The process of turning the MRNA into a protein

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19
Q

What is important in the structure and function of a protein?

A

The order of amino acids

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20
Q

Where does this process occur?

A

In the ribosome- the mRNA travels to it so the amino acids can form the proteins for the gene

21
Q

How is it known that a new gene is starting?

A

When the Codon AUG in the mRNA strand passes through the tRNA

22
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

it transfers the amino acids onto the mRNA strand going through the ribosome

23
Q

What would tRNA be considered?

A

An Anti-Codon

Meaning it has the opposite Codons to the mRNA strand

24
Q

How many nitrogenous bases produce 1 amino acid?

A

For every 3 nitrogenous bases on the mRNA strand (a Codon), 1 amino acid is produced

25
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20- meaning multiple variations of Codons can get the same amino acid

26
Q

What do you need to know in Electrophoresis?

A

That traits are determined by the DNA

27
Q

What charge is DNA?

A

Negative because the phosphates in the DNA are charge negative

28
Q

What effect does DNA’s Negative charge have?

A

That it allows the DNA to be influenced by electric current

29
Q

Where is DNA extracted from?

A

The nucleus

30
Q

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction?

A

It is used to amplify DNA to make thousands of copies- Restriction enzymes are used to do this

31
Q

How does Gel Electrophoresis order the DNA?

A

Into bands longest to shortest- and allows scientists to see specific regions of the DNA

32
Q

Where would smaller DNA fragments be on the Gel Electrophoresis?

A

Smaller DNA fragments move faster, meaning they can go further
They would be at the bottom of the Electrophoresis sheet

33
Q

Where would larger DNA fragments be on the Gel Electrophoresis

A

Larger DNA fragments move slower, meaning they can’t go very far.
They would be at the start of the Electrophoresis sheet.

34
Q

What is an Acquired Characteristic?

A

A trait acquired throughout a life-time. Non-inheritable change in function or structure of an organism e.g. amputated arm

35
Q

What is an inherited characteristic?

A

A feature that can be passed into offspring through genes

36
Q

What is the name of the different versions of genes?

A

An Allele

37
Q

Differences in Alleles?

A

The difference is that there are dominant and recessive alleles.

38
Q

What Allele controls the gene?

A

The dominant one

39
Q

How many Alleles are genes made of?

A

2

40
Q

What is it called when there are two of the same Alleles?

A

Homozygous. This can be either 2 dominant Alleles or 2 recessive Alleles

41
Q

What is it called when there are two different Alleles?

A

Heterozygous. This always results in the dominant version of the gene.

42
Q

What are autosomes?

A

They are the 22 chromosome pairs

43
Q

What does Autosomal refer to?

A

The traits determined by the autosomes

44
Q

What are X-linked/ sex-linked traits?

A

This refers to the traits determined by the single sex chromosome.

45
Q

Difference in Punnet Squares between autosomes and X-linked traits?

A

When it is X-linked, you put the X and Y chromosomes in addition to the alleles.
Whereas in the autosomal punnet squares, you only put the alleles.

46
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Someone to holds the gene, but doesn’t display it (if the problematic allele is recessive within the gene)
When the gene isn’t on the Y chromosome, only a female can be a carrier.

47
Q

What is a ‘normal’ person?

A

Someone who doesn’t have the gene at all

48
Q

How is an affect woman represented?

A

X

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