Biology Final Quizlet Style Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important element to life?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

A compound found mainly in living things is known as an ____________.

A

Organic Compound

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3
Q

Why is carbon so basic to life?

A

It is found in virtually all living things.

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4
Q

How many types can organic compounds be grouped into?

A

4

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5
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrates are an organic compound such as starch or sugar and is used to store energy.

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6
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Simple sugar such as fructose or glucose.

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7
Q

What 3 elements are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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8
Q

Please give 2 examples of a monosaccharide.

A

Fructose and Glucose.

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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10
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Three or more monosaccharides are joined together.

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11
Q

Please provide 2 main functions of carbohydrates.

A
  1. Storing energy
  2. Forming structures in living things.
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12
Q

What is a protein?

A

Organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids.

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13
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins? How many are there known to man?

A

Amino acids and 20.

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14
Q

What is a peptide?

A

Short chain of amino acids.

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15
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Long chain of amino acids.

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16
Q

What are 3 major functions of proteins?

A
  1. Proteins make up muscle tissue
  2. Transport items in and out of cells
  3. Proteins help cells keep their shape.
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17
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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18
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Organic compound such as fat or oil.

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19
Q

What is saturated fatty acid? Give definition and provide 1 example.

A

Carbon and hydrogen atoms are tightly packed, meat and butter.

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20
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid? Please give definition and provide 1 example.

A

Not tightly packed, almonds and oil.

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21
Q

Please list the 3 other types of lipids.

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids.
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22
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

The main form of stored energy in animals, like sugary food.

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23
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

The major components of cell membranes.

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24
Q

What are steroids?

A

Serve as chemical messengers and have other roles.

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25
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

Must be consumed in food.

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26
Q

What does eating too many fats do to the body?

A

Weight gain and cardiovascular disease.

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27
Q

What are the 2 nucleic acids we have discussed?

A

DNA and RNA.

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28
Q

What are those nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides.

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen base.

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30
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA? Which base pairs with each other?

A
  1. Adenine and Thymine
  2. Guanine and Cytosine.
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31
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule known as?

A

Double Helix.

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32
Q

What was the hagfish slime used for on predators?

A

Prevent suffocation and Protection.

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33
Q

What is so unique or interesting about the slime?

A

It is not sticky.

34
Q

What did Robert Hooke look at under microscope? What did it look like?

A

A cork. Named the small structures seen under a microscope, cells.

35
Q

Which scientist coined the term ‘cells’?

A

Robert Hooke.

36
Q

Who discovered human blood cells? This person also invented the first ‘simple’ microscope.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

37
Q

Which 3 scientists played a very important role in the development of the cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow.

38
Q

List the three parts of the Cell Theory.

A
  1. All living things are made up of at least one cell.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
  3. Cells only come from other existing cells.
39
Q

Cells with different functions have different ___________?

40
Q

What are the Common Parts of a Cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cytoskeleton
  5. DNA.
41
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

aka cell membrane layer of lipids that forms the outer boundary.

42
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Space between the cell membrane and nucleus.

43
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

44
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Filaments and tubules used for structure.

45
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic material used to make proteins.

46
Q

What are 2 Types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.

47
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a nucleus.

48
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cell that has a nucleus and organelles.

49
Q

What is the main job of the phospholipid bi-layer (also known as the cell membrane)?

A

Provides a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell, protects the cell, regulates what can pass through.

50
Q

What does semi-permeable mean?

A

Only certain molecules can cross the cell membrane.

51
Q

How many layers does the phospholipid bi-layer have?

52
Q

What is a single phospholipid made up of? (2 parts) Which part is water loving? Which part hates water?

A

Hydrophilic head: water loving
Hydrophobic tails: water hating.

53
Q

What are the membrane proteins’ main job?

A

To assist in various functions including transport and communication.

54
Q

Membrane proteins can be put into 2 main groups. What are these groups and what is their job?

A
  1. Integral are permanently embedded within the membrane
  2. Peripheral temporarily associated with the cell membrane.
55
Q

Where is the cytoplasm located?

A

Between nucleus and cell membrane.

56
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Fluid portion of cytoplasm.

57
Q

What are the three functions of the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Suspends the organelles
  2. Provides turgor pressure to maintain cells shape
  3. Site for biochemical reactions.
58
Q

Where is the cytoskeleton located?

A

Cytoplasm.

59
Q

What is the cytoskeleton’s job?

A

Crisscrossing network of protein filaments that provide support and aid in transportation of materials.

60
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Genetic material.

61
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides.

62
Q

What does the nuclear envelope surround or enclose?

63
Q

How many layers is the nuclear membrane?

A

Double lipid layer.

64
Q

What is the nucleolus main job?

A

To produce ribosomes.

65
Q

Where is the nucleolus located?

A

Inside the nucleus.

66
Q

Ribosomes are the site of what? In other words, what do the ribosomes make?

A

Make proteins.

67
Q

What is the main job of the mitochondria?

A

The site of cellular respiration (aka. powerhouse of the cell).

68
Q

Where are the mitochondria located?

A

Cytoplasm.

69
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum’s main 2 jobs?

A
  1. Transport proteins that need to be outside the cell.
  2. Produce lipids.
70
Q

What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum? What makes them different?

A

Rough and smooth ER. Rough has the proteins on the surface but the smooth do not.

71
Q

What is the job of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Packages proteins to go through the cell.

72
Q

Where is the Golgi Apparatus located?

A

Cytoplasm.

73
Q

Where are vesicles made?

A

Golgi apparatus.

74
Q

What are the jobs of vesicles?

A

Help transport materials that an organism needs to survive and recycle waste materials.

75
Q

What is the main job of a vacuole?

A

Store nutrients and water on which a cell can rely for its survival.

76
Q

Centrioles are important for what type of cellular process?

A

Cell division.

77
Q

What are the 3 extra parts of a plant cell that animal cells don’t have?

A

The cell wall provides structure and protection, chloroplasts allow energy conversion from sunlight, and large central vacuole aids in water balance, storage and growth.

78
Q

What is the cell wall’s main job?

A

Support, shape, and protect the cell.

79
Q

What is the central vacuole’s main job?

A

Hold waste.

80
Q

What is the chloroplast main job?

A

Perform photosynthesis.

81
Q

Where in the chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane.

82
Q

What are the 5 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.