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Biology Final June Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

Gradual development of new types of organisms from pre-existing types

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2
Q

Descent with modification

A

Process of evolution; all species descend from one original kind of life and change over time

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3
Q

Fitness

A

Relative ability for an organism to survive and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Adaptation

A

A heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce.

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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms with variations most adapted to their environment to survive and leave more fertile offspring.

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6
Q

What are the five parts for evidence of evolution?

A
  1. Fossil record
  2. Biogeography
  3. Comparative anatomy
  4. Comparative embryology
  5. Molecular biology
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7
Q

Explain the law of superposition

A

If the rock layer at a certain location has not been disturbed…then the lowest layer is the oldest.

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8
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of locations where organisms lived and where there ancestors lived.

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9
Q

What is comparative anatomy?

A

Study of similarities and differences in the structure of different species.

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10
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures that are found in different species yet are similar because they descended from a common ancestor.

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11
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Similar functions that aren’t descended from a common ancestor.

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12
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures inherited by recent organisms that seem to have no significance but did in possible ancestors.

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13
Q

Comparative embryology

A

The study of similarity embryos

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14
Q

Molecular biology

A

Homologous structures are evidence of a common ancestor.

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15
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Evolutionary change that happens in a relatively short period of time within a population or species.

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16
Q

Population genetics

A

The study of evolution through a genetic standpoint.

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17
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

It is all the genes of all the members of a population.

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18
Q

Allele frequency

A

How often the allele occurs in a population

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19
Q

Harvey Weinberg Theorm

A

A population doesn’t change its allele frequency if it has NO mutation, NO immigration, NO natural selection, is very large, and if mates are chosen at RANDOM.

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20
Q

Mutations

A

Mutagens- mutations causing things; may be helpful or harmful.

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21
Q

Gene flow

A

The migration of fertile organisms or the transfer of gametes through a population—behavior can affect this.

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22
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change of allele frequency due to RANDOM cause

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23
Q

Speciation

A

Occurs when two parts of an interbreeding species are separated and stop interbreeding— occurs in two ways.

  • geographic isolation
  • reproductive isolation
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24
Q

Pure/true breeding

A

Homozygous

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25
Q

Dominant gene

A

Gene that prevents the other gene from showing

Represented by capital letters

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26
Q

Recessive gene

A

Does NOT show even thought it is present

Represented by lowercase letters

Must have 2 recessive alleles for a recessive trait to show

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27
Q

Genotype

A

alleles an individual inherits at a particular genetic locus

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28
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristics of an organism that depend on how the organism genotype is expressed

PHYSICAL appearance resulting from gene makeup

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29
Q

Factor/allele

A

Different possibilities of a gene (for same trait)

2 alleles = 1 gene

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30
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two DIFFERENT alleles that are inherited

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31
Q

Homozygous

A

Two of the SAME alleles inherited. Genes come in pairs

23 sperm 23 egg

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32
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes

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33
Q

Punnet square

A

Chart for determining the expected percentages of different genotypes in offspring of two parents

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34
Q

P1/F1/F2

A

P parental generation

F1 First generation of offspring

F2 Second generation of offspring

Traits can “skip” generations

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35
Q

Watson/Crick

A

Discovered that DNA has a double helix shape

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36
Q

Franklin

A

Used x rays to learn more about DNA’s structure

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37
Q

Parts of a nucleotide (DNA/RNA)

A

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

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38
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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39
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine

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40
Q

Purines

A

Double ring
Larger

Adenine and guanine

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41
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Single ring
Smaller

Thymine and cytosine

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42
Q

Double helix

A

two twisted strands of nucleotides

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43
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Helps with DNA replication

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44
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Scientists concluded that hydrogen bonds between complementary bases hold together the two polynucleotide chains of DNA.

A bonds with T
C bonds with G

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45
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Five carbon sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules

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46
Q

Ribose

A

Sugar present in RNA

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47
Q

RNA polymerase

A

At the beginning of transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can read the bases in on of the DNA strands.

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48
Q

Start codon

A

Codon that signals to ribosome to start translation

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49
Q

Stop codon

A

Codon that signals to ribosome to stop translation

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50
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Carries info from DNA in nucleus out into the cytoplasm and to the ribosomes.

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51
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Transfers the amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly

Each has an anticodon for the amino acid it carries

52
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

Helps to build ribosomes

53
Q

Transcription

A

DNA used to make mRNA

Happens in the nucleus

Is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology
DNA—>RNA

54
Q

Translation

A

mRNA needed to make a protein

Happens in a ribosome

Second part of the central dogma of molecular biology
RNA—>Protein

55
Q

Promoter

A

Region of a gene where a RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the gene.

When it binds, it signals the DNA to “unwind” so the enzyme can read the bases in the DNA strand

56
Q

Codon

A

group of 3 nitrogen bases in nucleus acids that makes up a code word of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid

57
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelles inside all cells where proteins are made

Location of translation

58
Q

Genetic code

A

Universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins

59
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Process in which cells make proteins that includes transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA

60
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids that alone or with other such chains makes up a protein

61
Q

Early Earth conditions including atmosphere

A

At first earth was Milton and lacked an atmosphere and oceans. Then the planet cooled and formed a solid crust. Volcanos released gasses and formed an atmosphere.

Early atmosphere had ammonia, methane, water vapor and carbon dioxide and only a little bit of oxygen.

Water from rain formed oceans

62
Q

Miller-Urey experiment

A

An experiment where scientists Miller and Urey simulated if organic compounds could have arose in earths early atmosphere.

They thought lightning sparked chemical reactions so in the experiment they used an artificial spark.

63
Q

First cells

A

Scientists speculate lipid membranes grew around organic molecules and RNA.
This formed the first cells

First cells are prokaryotes

64
Q

First eukaryotes

A

First eukaryotes probably evolved 2 billion years ago.
By endosymbiosis they survived:
Large cell engulfed small cell and they helped each other survive.

This made eukaryotic cells powerful and efficient and they were able to adapt largely.

Then they would evolve into animals, plants, and fungi.

65
Q

First organic compounds

A

No oxygen, when earth cooled compounds condensed in lakes—where complex compounds formed

66
Q

Origin of heredity

A

RNA was the first Genetic Material

67
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

68
Q

Linnaeus

A

Created the way we classify in modern day.

His system grouped living things into a hierarchy based on their form and structure

The five kingdom system:
Kingdom
Phylum or division 
Class
Order
Family 
Genius 
Species
69
Q

Scientific name

A

Use the system binomial nomenclature

It is the creatures genus name and species name

70
Q

Directional selection

A

favors ONE extreme trait

71
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors average trait

72
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors BOTH extreme traits

73
Q

Genetic drift

A

A random change in allele frequencies that occurs in a small population.

74
Q

Gene flow

A

Change in allele frequencies that occurs when individuals move into or out of a population.

75
Q

What are the four types of modern plants?

A

Nonvascular plants
Vascular plants
Seed plants
Flowering plants

76
Q

Characteristics of non vascular plants

A

Lack true leaves, seeds, or flowers
Lack vascular tissue
Have rhizoids to anchor to ground instead of roots

77
Q

Characteristics of seeded vascular plants

A

Two types

Gymnosperm - cone
Naked seed

vs

Angiosperm- flowers
Retained, protected seed

78
Q

Characteristics of flowering vascular plants

A

Angiosperms

Flowers
Retained, protected seed

79
Q

Rhizoids

A

Hair-like structure in a non vascular plant that absorbs water and minerals and anchors the plant to a surface

80
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transport tissue

Xylem and phloem

81
Q

Xylem

A

Hollow tubes that transport water

82
Q

Phloem

A

Transports products of photosynthesis

Vascular tissue

83
Q

Stamen

A

The male reproductive structure of a flower.

It consists of a stalk-like filament that ends in an anther

84
Q

Anther

A

Contains pollen sacs, in which meiosis occurs and pollen grains form

85
Q

Filament

A

Long thin structure that supports the anther

86
Q

Pistil

A

Female reproductive structure of a flower that consists of a stigma, style, and ovary

87
Q

Stigma

A

Raised and sticky to catch pollen

88
Q

Style

A

Long slender stalk that connects the ovary and the stigma.

89
Q

Ovary

A

One of two female reproductive organs that produces eggs

90
Q

Petal

A

Attract pollinators to the flower.

Petals are often brightly colored and smell good so pollinators will notice them

91
Q

Sepal

A

Protects the developing flower while it is still in the bud.

Usually green

92
Q

Pollinators

A

An animal that moves pollen from a male anther to a female stigma on a flower.

93
Q

Plant growth

A

Plants grow through a combination of cell growth and cell division. Cell growth increases the size while cell division increase the # of cells

94
Q

Taproot

A

~Single, thick primary root
~Smaller secondary roots growing out from the sides
~anchors the plant to the ground

95
Q

Fibrous root

A

~Smaller branching roots
~No large primary root
~Threadlike roots increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals
~Anchors badly

96
Q

Root functions

A
  1. Absorbing water and minerals
  2. Anchoring and supporting plant
  3. Storing food
97
Q

Evergreen vs. deciduous

A

Evergreen:
Keeps pines all year
Has reduced area for sunlight

Deciduous:
loses leaves
Loses energy from having to regrow

98
Q

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

A

Invertebrates:

  • no digestive system
  • A simple central chamber with 1 opening
  • a digestive tract
  • in some animals, food is broken down and absorbed in the gut

vs.

Vertebrates:

  • digestion occurs in the gut
  • the gut is very longs and folded
  • expel wastes while conserving water
99
Q

Complete digestive system

A

Consisting of a digestive tract and two body openings (mouth and anus)

100
Q

Incomplete digestive system

A

Consists of a digestive cavity and a single opening that serves both as a mouth and anus

101
Q

Segmentation

A

The division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts.

102
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Pump hemolymph (blood cells with body fluid) into the space between the cells

Common to mollusks and arthropods

103
Q

Elongation

A

New molecules are added to mRNA strand

104
Q

Anticodon

A

Complimentary to the codon

Codon: AAG
Anticodon: UUC

105
Q

Invertebrate gas exchange

A 
Occurs...
Directly across the body covering (skin)
-ex worms
Through book lungs
-ex spiders
Through spiracles
106
Q

Vertebrate gas exchange

A

Occurs…
~Through gills of aquatic vertebrates
~Through lungs in terrestrial vertebrates

107
Q

Termination

A

mRNA

Strand is done and detaches from DNA

108
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

~Vertebrates and a few invert have a closed circulatory system.

~Closed circulatory systems have blood held at all times within vessels.

~blood is pumped by a heart through vessels and does not normally fill body cavities.

~vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a multi chambered heart

109
Q

List the hierarchy of taxa staring with the largest most inclusive grouping, to the smallest most exclusive grouping?

A

King Phillip came over from great Spain

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family 
Genius
Species
110
Q

What direction do secondary roots grow?

A

They grow or branch out to the side

111
Q

What are the three types of plant tissue?

A

Dermal tissue
Ground tissue
and
Vascular tissue

112
Q

Secondary growth

A

Meristem around vascular tissue allows plant to grow in width

113
Q

Primary growth

A

Meristem at the tips of the roots and stems allows plant to grow in length.

114
Q

Which direction do primary roots grow?

A

Downward

115
Q

List the three steps of transcription (In order)

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
116
Q

What is an example of a non vascular plant?

A

Moss

Also can say hornwort or liverwort

117
Q

What is an example of a seedless vascular plant?

A

Ferns

Clubmosses

118
Q

What is an example of a seeded vascular (nonflowering) plant?

A

Conifers

119
Q

What is an example of a flowering vascular plant?

A

Any flower,
Roses
Tulips

120
Q

Replication

A

Replication begins when an enzyme breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA

Builds new complementary strand to go with one parent strand

121
Q

Species

A

The smallest, and most exclusive grouping

Consists of organisms that resemble each other and are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.

Second word of scientific name
Not capitalized

Should be italicized or underlined

121
Q

Genus

A

Closely related species

First word of scientific name

Should always be capitalized

Should be italicized or underlined

121
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

121
Q

What are chargaff’s rules?

A

A=T

G=C

121
Q

What is the ribosomes role in translation?

A

To read mRNA codons and make sure the correct amino acid is attached.

121
Q

What are the steps of building a polypeptide chain?

A
  1. mRNA and the ribosome come together at the start codon
  2. Amino acids are added one by one (as a mRNA codon is read correct tRNA carries in amino acid)
  3. Ribosome stops building when it reads a stop codon
122
Q

What are some characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

A

True roots, leaves, and stem
No seeds
So spread around by spores

Biology (1 decks)

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