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Biology Vocab > Biology Final Exam Vocab > Flashcards

Biology Final Exam Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fermentation

A

C6H1206 (glucose) —> 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + <e> (energy)</e>

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

helix of DNA condensed for easy mitosis or meiosis

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3
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded DNA

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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

3 parts base, ribose sugar, phosphate bond

full complement of DNA structural units: phosphate bond - ribose sugar (backbone) - nucleic acid

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5
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on the equator of cell

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 —>H20 +O2 + <E></E>

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7
Q

aerobic respiration

A

see respiration

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8
Q

genome

A

nuclear DNA per individual deoxyribose nucleic acid

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9
Q

gene

A

area of DNA that codes for a trait/protein

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10
Q

Prophase

A

You can see genetic material, chromosomes form, nuclear envelope dissolves

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Incomplete respiration that yields lactic acid or ethanol not CO2 and water

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13
Q

Base

A

A, T, C, G
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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14
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibers shorten separating

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16
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes are at poles, nuclear envelope starts to form, cytokinesis begins

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

genes that are different

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

how genes express what they look like

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19
Q

Alleles

A

alternate term for genes

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20
Q

allele

A

alternative word for gene

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21
Q

nucleotide

A

a full complement of DNA structural

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell is cleaved into 2 separate daughter cells

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23
Q

Homozygous

A

genes that are the same

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24
Q

Genotype

A

expression of genes on a minute scale

what they are

25
Q

Proteins

A

combinations of amino acids, what DNA codes for

expressions of genes assembling amino acid by using DNA template

26
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase: chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase: chromosomes line up on the equator

Anaphase: spindle fibers shorten separating chromosomes at the centromere pulling them to separate poles

Telophase: separate nuclear envelope

27
Q

Chromatin

A

nuclear material beginning to condense into chromosomes

28
Q

Dominant

A

gene that will express in heterozygous form

29
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

usually involves partial expression or mixing of heterozygous genes

30
Q

Monohybrid

A

looking at the possibility of one gene expression from 2 parents

31
Q

A, T, C, G, U

A

Nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA

32
Q

cytokinesis

A

separation of daughter cells after mitosis

33
Q

Sister chromatids

A

copies of each other connected with a centromere

34
Q

recessive

A

gene that does not express in heterozygous form

35
Q

double helix

A

twisted ladder structure of the DNA molecule

36
Q

locus

A

a specific spot on the DNA molecule

37
Q

mitochondria

A

site of ATP synthesis for cellular respiration

38
Q

xanthophll

A

brown pigments used in photosynthesis

39
Q

sickle cell

A

novel mutation selected for in equatorial Africa providing some immunity to malaria

40
Q

pectinase

A

enzyme used to dissolve pectin in fruit and release more juice from the cell

41
Q

emporase or renin

A

enzyme we used in making cheese

42
Q

crossing-over

A

“leggy” chromosomes share genetic information making hybrid chromosomes

43
Q

sister chromatids

A

copies of chromosomes attached at centromere

44
Q

carrier

A

mutated gene that only expresses in homozygous conditions if you have one gene you are a carrier but its not expressed

45
Q

codominance

A

condition in heterzygous conditions results in both genes expressing e.g. blood type in humans SB

46
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

47
Q

independent assortment

A

chromosomes all go into separate gametes during meiosis

48
Q

locus

A

a spot or nucleotide on a chromosome

49
Q

homologous

A

pairs of chromosomes that come from different parents. These will never be connected by centromeres

50
Q

centromere

A

area where sister chromatids are attached

51
Q

TLC

A

thin layer chromatography - our photosynthesis lab

52
Q

incomplete domiance

A

genetic condition that heterozygous condition results in mixed expression like red and white snapdragons result on pink

53
Q

dihybrid cross

A

punnett square with 16 squares looking at statistical probability of 2 different genes from 2 different parents

54
Q

family pedigree

A

chart that tracks the movement of genes through generations

55
Q

interphase

A

phase of cell-cycle except mitosis

56
Q

amino acid

A

expression of groups of 3 nucleic acids (codon) 20 of them building blocks of proteins

57
Q

tetrad

A

group of 4 chromosomes consisting of one from each parent (2) that have replicated after S phase (4)

58
Q

protease

A

enzyme that encourages DNA replication in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Biology Vocab (2 decks)

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