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Biology Final Exam Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

fermentation

A

C6H1206 (glucose) —> 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2 + <e> (energy)</e>

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

helix of DNA condensed for easy mitosis or meiosis

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3
Q

RNA

A

single-stranded DNA

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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

3 parts base, ribose sugar, phosphate bond

full complement of DNA structural units: phosphate bond - ribose sugar (backbone) - nucleic acid

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5
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up on the equator of cell

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6
Q

Cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 —>H20 +O2 + <E></E>

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7
Q

aerobic respiration

A

see respiration

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8
Q

genome

A

nuclear DNA per individual deoxyribose nucleic acid

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9
Q

gene

A

area of DNA that codes for a trait/protein

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10
Q

Prophase

A

You can see genetic material, chromosomes form, nuclear envelope dissolves

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11
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Incomplete respiration that yields lactic acid or ethanol not CO2 and water

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13
Q

Base

A

A, T, C, G
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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14
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibers shorten separating

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16
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes are at poles, nuclear envelope starts to form, cytokinesis begins

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

genes that are different

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

how genes express what they look like

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19
Q

Alleles

A

alternate term for genes

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20
Q

allele

A

alternative word for gene

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21
Q

nucleotide

A

a full complement of DNA structural

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cell is cleaved into 2 separate daughter cells

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23
Q

Homozygous

A

genes that are the same

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24
Q

Genotype

A

expression of genes on a minute scale

what they are

25
Proteins
combinations of amino acids, what DNA codes for expressions of genes assembling amino acid by using DNA template
26
PMAT
Prophase: chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope disappears Metaphase: chromosomes line up on the equator Anaphase: spindle fibers shorten separating chromosomes at the centromere pulling them to separate poles Telophase: separate nuclear envelope
27
Chromatin
nuclear material beginning to condense into chromosomes
28
Dominant
gene that will express in heterozygous form
29
Incomplete dominance
usually involves partial expression or mixing of heterozygous genes
30
Monohybrid
looking at the possibility of one gene expression from 2 parents
31
A, T, C, G, U
Nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA
32
cytokinesis
separation of daughter cells after mitosis
33
Sister chromatids
copies of each other connected with a centromere
34
recessive
gene that does not express in heterozygous form
35
double helix
twisted ladder structure of the DNA molecule
36
locus
a specific spot on the DNA molecule
37
mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis for cellular respiration
38
xanthophll
brown pigments used in photosynthesis
39
sickle cell
novel mutation selected for in equatorial Africa providing some immunity to malaria
40
pectinase
enzyme used to dissolve pectin in fruit and release more juice from the cell
41
emporase or renin
enzyme we used in making cheese
42
crossing-over
"leggy" chromosomes share genetic information making hybrid chromosomes
43
sister chromatids
copies of chromosomes attached at centromere
44
carrier
mutated gene that only expresses in homozygous conditions if you have one gene you are a carrier but its not expressed
45
codominance
condition in heterzygous conditions results in both genes expressing e.g. blood type in humans SB
46
DNA
deoxyribose nucleic acid
47
independent assortment
chromosomes all go into separate gametes during meiosis
48
locus
a spot or nucleotide on a chromosome
49
homologous
pairs of chromosomes that come from different parents. These will never be connected by centromeres
50
centromere
area where sister chromatids are attached
51
TLC
thin layer chromatography - our photosynthesis lab
52
incomplete domiance
genetic condition that heterozygous condition results in mixed expression like red and white snapdragons result on pink
53
dihybrid cross
punnett square with 16 squares looking at statistical probability of 2 different genes from 2 different parents
54
family pedigree
chart that tracks the movement of genes through generations
55
interphase
phase of cell-cycle except mitosis
56
amino acid
expression of groups of 3 nucleic acids (codon) 20 of them building blocks of proteins
57
tetrad
group of 4 chromosomes consisting of one from each parent (2) that have replicated after S phase (4)
58
protease
enzyme that encourages DNA replication in PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Biology Vocab (2 decks)

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