Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biology Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which process enables the production of haploid (1N) gametes from diploid (2N) cells in sexually-reproducing individuals?

A

Meiotic cell division (meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why did Gregor Mendel use the monohybrid crossing experiment?

A

To investigate the mechanisms that govern inheritance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA contains which purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RNA contains which pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and Uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

You recently isolated a double-stranded DNA molecule with 1000 purines and 1000 pyrimidines. This molecule could consist of precisely…

A

1000 guanine and 1000 cytosine nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which property of the DNA molecule allows cells to recognize DNA damage and repair this damage?

A

The ability of complementary base pairs to interact by forming hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which bases form the hydrogen bonds that enable the two strands of the double helix to bind to one another so effectively?

A

Adenine forms 2 bonds with thymine, and guanine forms 3 bonds with cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In all single-cell species and multi-cell species, which molecule stores the exact sequence of amino acids in every protein and the exact sequence of nucleotides in every specialized RNA molecule?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is DNA localized within most human cell types?

A

Nuclei and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipids play many roles in animals and plants. What function is not performed by lipids in plants?

A

Catalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which combination of lipids would be expected to occur in cellular membranes?

A

Phospholipids, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which specific type of biological molecules interact with one another, in the presence of water, to form a lipid bilayer?

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The human body instructs a specific population of adult stem cells to divide when a new supply of cells is required. How do our bodies accomplish this?

A

Go-Signals and their receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The human body regulates the cell cycle with great precision. Which mechanism evaluates critical biochemical events at specific points in the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does Meiosis occur?

A

in our ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What result of meiotic cell division increases the probability that sexually-reproducing populations can adapt to changing environmental conditions?

A

increased genetic variation in populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which characteristic of benign tumors makes them easier to treat than malignant tumors?

A

Cells in the benign tumor cannot metastasize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which cancer treatment is intended to train the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells?

A

Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does translation typically occur in our cells?

A

Blood and Cytoplasm/cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Some cancer cells have the ability to release a growth factor (large, hydrophilic protein) that stimulates angiogenesis. Which mechanism exports multiple copies of this growth factor to the extra-cellular space (outside of the cell)?

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Our cells use different mechanisms to transport different types of substances (size, chemical properties) across the cell membrane. Our cells would require an active transport protein to perform which function?

A

Transport a hydrophilic substance from lower to higher concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an accurate definition of a mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which gene would not be considered a proto-oncogene?

A

Gene C encodes an enzyme that repairs DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which category of genes encodes proteins that stimulate cell division in a highly regulated manner?

A

Proto-oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can abnormal splicing increase the risk of cancer?

A

A protein is produced that is not destroyed by the proteasome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which type of processing allows a single gene to produce different versions of a polypeptide that are specialized for specific cell types?

A

Alternative Splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A source of energy is required to synthesize the biological molecules produced during transcription and translation. Which source of energy specifically drives the translation process?

A

GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which specialized type of RNA quickly and efficiently delivers amino acids to the translation machinery so they can be joined together during the translation process?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What term is used to describe the different versions of a single gene that often exist in the human population

A

Allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which theory describes how the information stored in a gene is copied into a RNA molecule during transcription and how the information in this RNA molecule is used to make a polypeptide (protein) during translation?

A

Central Dogma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

We discussed how some genetic disorders (Down, Klinefelter, and Turner Syndrome) can result from errors made during meiotic cell division. Which specific process can result in aneuploid gametes?

A

Non-disjunction

34
Q

We discussed the relevant events that occur during meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Which essential event occurs during meiosis 2?

A

Sister chromatid separation

35
Q

Each autosome (chromosomes 1-22) in the sperm or egg you produce can contain alleles from both your mother’s and father’s homologous chromosomes. Which process makes this possible?

A

Crossing over

36
Q

The goal of your research team is to develop a new drug that prevents the cancer cells in a tumor from receiving sufficient quantities of glucose and oxygen. This new anti-cancer drug should inhibit which specific process?

A

Angiogenesis

37
Q

Which mutation would have the highest probability of allowing a cancer cell to metastasize?

A

A mutation that reduces the ability of cancer cells to bind to one another

38
Q

Which membrane transport proteins are specialized to transport small, hydrophilic elements such as K+, Na+, Ca++, or Cl- from higher to lower concentration?

A

channel proteins

39
Q

Some of our white blood cells have the ability to uptake a foreign invader and destroy it. A mutant white blood cell cannot uptake a virus it detected. This mutant white blood cell probably cannot perform which process?

A

Phagocytosis

40
Q

Some cancer cells have the ability to release a growth factor (large, hydrophilic protein) that stimulates angiogenesis. Which mechanism exports multiple copies of this growth factor to the extra-cellular space (outside of the cell)?

A

Exocytosis

41
Q

Our cells use different mechanisms to transport different types of substances (size, chemical properties) across the cell membrane. Our cells would require an active transport protein to perform which function?

A

Transport a hydrophilic substance from lower to higher concentration

42
Q

Which organelles contribute to the synthesis of cellular membranes?

A

Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum

43
Q

What is one example of how our cells use pinocytosis?

A

Import food molecules dissolved in extra-cellular fluid

44
Q

Which gene probably is a proto-oncogene?

A

Gene A encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

45
Q

Which category of genes encodes proteins that inhibit cell division in a highly regulated manner?

A

Tumor Suppressor

46
Q

Which enzyme copies the information stored in a gene during transcription to make a messenger RNA molecule (transcript)?

A

RNA Polymerase

47
Q

The elimination of which nucleotide sequence would prevent RNA Polymerase from binding to and transcribing a specific gene?

A

Promoter

48
Q

How can abnormal splicing increase the risk of cancer?

A

A protein is produced that is not destroyed by the proteasome

49
Q

A new antibiotic was recently discovered that inhibits the translation process in disease-causing (pathogenic) bacteria. This antibiotic probably inhibits -

A

Ribosome

50
Q

A source of energy is required to synthesize the biological molecules produced during transcription and translation. Which source of energy specifically drives the translation process?

A

GTP

51
Q

Which principle of inheritance did not result from Mendel’s monohybrid crossing experiments?

A

The chloroplast is an organelle that contains DNA

52
Q

Why do recessive disorders only develop when an individual inherits two copies of a loss of function allele?

A

No functional enzyme or protein is produced

53
Q

Which type of cross should she use to determine if the genotype of this tomato plant is homozygous dominant or heterozygous?

A

Test Cross

54
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance in humans is due to the inheritance of which organelle?

A

Mitochondrion

55
Q

) Some of Mendel’s rules have been extended to account for some aspects of inheritance that were difficult to investigate using monohybrid or dihybrid crossing experiments in pea. What is one example of a more recent discovery?

A

One trait can be regulated by many genes (polygenic inheritance)

56
Q

What does Ploidy mean?

A

the number of chromosome sets in the nucleus

57
Q

Which mutation probably would not influence gene expression

A

A mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein the gene encodes

58
Q

When analyzing a pedigree, which observation would suggest that a trait is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner?

A

The parents share a common ancestor

59
Q

Which specific term is used to describe an allele that influences two or more aspects of an individual’s phenotype?

A

Pleiotropic

60
Q

A pedigree shows that a father affected by a specific disorder has ten children who are all healthy (unaffected). This disorder trait probably is transmitted in which manner?

A

Cytoplasmic inheritance

61
Q

Every affected child in a pedigree has one affected male parent or one affected female parent. Which type of transmission does this observation indicate?

A

Autosomal dominant

62
Q

What type of experiment did Mendel design to determine if the alleles of two different genes move as a linked pair into gametes during meiosis?

A

Dihybrid Cross

63
Q

Which mutation is not an example of a chromosomal abnormality?

A

Nonsense

64
Q

The “Haplo-Insufficiency Hypothesis” relates to which type of genetic disorders?

A

Dominant

65
Q

Why does the information stored in the alleles of a single gene differ?

A

Different nucleotide sequences

66
Q

While using a light microscope to examine the nucleus of a plant cell, you observed that the nucleus contained eight sets of chromosomes rather than the normal complement of two sets of chromosomes. This is an example of -

A

Polyploidy

67
Q

A mutation occurred where one block of genes from one chromosome was attached to a different chromosome. This is an example of a

A

Translocation

68
Q

A point mutation occurred in a gene that codes for a polypeptide (protein). This mutation resulted in the production of a polypeptide that consists of substantially fewer amino acids. This is an example of a

A

Nonsense Mutation

69
Q

A point mutation occurred in a gene that codes for a polypeptide (protein). This mutation does not change the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by this gene. This is an example of a

A

Silent (Synonymous) Mutation

70
Q

This product of pyruvate oxidation enters the krebs cycle in order to continue to release of useful energy

A

CoA

71
Q

The eight enzymes that interact to form the krebs cycle are localized to this compartment in the mitochondrion

A

Matrix

72
Q

The krebs cycle occurs within this organelle in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondrion

73
Q

The krebs cycle yields three energy rich products that are used to make ATP in these mitochondrion

A

NADH, NADH2, GTP

74
Q

As food molecules are being processed in the krebs cucle to release useful energy, is CO2 produced as a waste product?

A

yes

75
Q

The energy payoff phase reactions of glycolysis yield three energy rich compounds

A

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate

76
Q

Our cells control the overall rate of glycolysis by regulating the activity of a single enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. this enzyme is…

A

Pyruvate Kinase

77
Q

This product of glycolysis can be used immediately in the cytoplasm/cytosol of our cells to support endergoing reactions

A

ATP

78
Q

A source of chemical energy is required to support the energy investment reactions of glycolysis. the energy rich compound that supports these reactions is…

A

ATP

79
Q

Glycolyis consists of a series of ten interacting enzymes that begin to release useful energy from glucose. These enzymes are localized to this part of the eukaryotic cell.

A

Cytosol

80
Q

Why is TRANSCRIPT (mRNA) PROCESSING IN THE NUCLEUS AFTER

TRANSCRIPTION IS ESSENTIAL

A

Proper Gene Expression

81
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

NUCLEI, MITOCHONDRIA, AND CHLOROPLASTS

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions