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Biology Final Exam Flashcards

Thank you Jaquim

1
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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2
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid in RNA

A

Ribose

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3
Q

Purpose of DNA

A

Stores genetic information

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4
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

make proteins

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5
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

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6
Q

Structure of RNA

A

One strand

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7
Q

DNA Bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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8
Q

RNA Bases

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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9
Q

Base Pairing Rules for DNA

A

A-T, G-C

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10
Q

Base Pairing Rules for RNA

A

A-U, G-C

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, Chromatin (uncoiled DNA) condenses to form chromatids (tightly coiled DNA), Centrioles appear, Spindle fibers form.

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13
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the cell (equator), Sister chromatids attach to a spindle fiber at the centromere

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14
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite ends of cell

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15
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

New nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, Chromatids unravel and go to chromatin form, cell begins to divide into daughter cells, cleavage furrow appears

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16
Q

What happens if their is uncontrolled cell growth?

A

Cancer

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17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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18
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring, happens during Prophase I

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19
Q

Monohybrid Punnett Square

A

Crossing over of one trait

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20
Q

Dihybrid Punnett Square

A

Crossing over of two traits

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21
Q

Dominant Trait

A

is a trait that only needs one allele of the dominant trait for it to show up

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22
Q

Recessive Trait

A

a trait needs two copies of the recessive gene to show up

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23
Q

Homozygous

A

both of your parents give you the same copy of the trait

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24
Q

Heterozygous

A

both of your parents give you different copies of the trait

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25
Codominance
both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
26
Incomplete dominance
both alleles for a gene are mixed
27
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
28
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
29
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
30
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
31
What is a codon?
a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule
32
How many codons are there?
64
33
How many amino acids make up a living organism?
20
34
All cells in an organism contain the same genetic information
TRUE
35
Where do all cells in an organism ultimately come from?
Preexisting cells that split and make new ones
36
Why do cells have different functions
Only some genes are activated
37
What is a mutation?
a change in DNA sequence
38
Substitution Mutation
replaces one base with another
39
Insertion Mutation
adds one or more bases (frame shift)
40
Deletion Mutation
deletes one or more bases (frame shift)
41
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells
42
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
43
Adaptation
a trait that allows an organism to be better suited for its environment
44
4 types of evidence for evolution
Homologous structures, similarities in the embryo stage, vestigial organs, molecular homologies
45
Homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
46
Molecular homologies
genes shared due to common ancestry
47
Geosphere
all of the rock at and below Earth's surface
48
Hydrosphere
All the water on earth
49
Biosphere
the part of Earth where life exists
50
Atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding the earth
51
KNOW THE CARBON CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
52
How are fossil fuels formed?
decomposed organisms overtime become fossil fuels due to heat and pressure
53
global warming
A gradual increase in average global temperature
54
climate change
a change in global or regional climate patterns
55
How much energy is passed up to each trophic level?
10%
56
What type of organism is at the bottom of all food webs?
Primary Producers
57
Carnivore
eats other animals
58
Herbivore
eats plants
59
Omnivore
eats plants and animals
60
Scavenger
eats dead animals
61
Decomposer
breaks down wastes and dead organisms
62
Detritivore
organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
63
invasive species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats
64
density-dependent factors
factor that limits a population more as population density increases
65
density-independent factors
limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population density
66
pioneer species
First species to populate an area during primary succession
67
Primary succession
succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present, no soil
68
Secondary succession
Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
69
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
70
feedback mechanism
a response within a system that influences the activity of that system
71
positive feedback
Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
72
negative feedback
a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus
73
Positive and Negative feedback mean good and bad.
FALSE
74
Transcription
the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Biology (1 decks)

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