Biology Final Exam Flashcards
Thank you Jaquim
Type of Nucleic Acid in DNA
Deoxyribose
Type of Nucleic Acid in RNA
Ribose
Purpose of DNA
Stores genetic information
Purpose of RNA
make proteins
Structure of DNA
Double Helix
Structure of RNA
One strand
DNA Bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA Bases
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Base Pairing Rules for DNA
A-T, G-C
Base Pairing Rules for RNA
A-U, G-C
What is mitosis?
The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells
What happens in Prophase?
Nuclear envelope breaks down, Chromatin (uncoiled DNA) condenses to form chromatids (tightly coiled DNA), Centrioles appear, Spindle fibers form.
What happens in Metaphase?
Chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the cell (equator), Sister chromatids attach to a spindle fiber at the centromere
What happens in Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite ends of cell
What happens in Telophase?
New nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, Chromatids unravel and go to chromatin form, cell begins to divide into daughter cells, cleavage furrow appears
What happens if their is uncontrolled cell growth?
Cancer
What is meiosis?
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
What is crossing over?
the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring, happens during Prophase I
Monohybrid Punnett Square
Crossing over of one trait
Dihybrid Punnett Square
Crossing over of two traits
Dominant Trait
is a trait that only needs one allele of the dominant trait for it to show up
Recessive Trait
a trait needs two copies of the recessive gene to show up
Homozygous
both of your parents give you the same copy of the trait
Heterozygous
both of your parents give you different copies of the trait
Codominance
both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
Incomplete dominance
both alleles for a gene are mixed
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome