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Biology > Biology Final Exam > Flashcards

Biology Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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2
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid in RNA

A

Ribose

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3
Q

Purpose of DNA

A

Stores genetic information

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4
Q

Purpose of RNA

A

make proteins

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5
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

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6
Q

Structure of RNA

A

One strand

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7
Q

DNA Bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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8
Q

RNA Bases

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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9
Q

Base Pairing Rules for DNA

A

A-T, G-C

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10
Q

Base Pairing Rules for RNA

A

A-U, G-C

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, Chromatin (uncoiled DNA) condenses to form chromatids (tightly coiled DNA), Centrioles appear, Spindle fibers form.

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13
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes (sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the cell (equator), Sister chromatids attach to a spindle fiber at the centromere

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14
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate, spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite ends of cell

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15
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

New nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, Chromatids unravel and go to chromatin form, cell begins to divide into daughter cells, cleavage furrow appears

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16
Q

What happens if their is uncontrolled cell growth?

A

Cancer

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17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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18
Q

What is crossing over?

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring, happens during Prophase I

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19
Q

Monohybrid Punnett Square

A

Crossing over of one trait

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20
Q

Dihybrid Punnett Square

A

Crossing over of two traits

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21
Q

Dominant Trait

A

is a trait that only needs one allele of the dominant trait for it to show up

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22
Q

Recessive Trait

A

a trait needs two copies of the recessive gene to show up

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23
Q

Homozygous

A

both of your parents give you the same copy of the trait

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24
Q

Heterozygous

A

both of your parents give you different copies of the trait

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25
Q

Codominance

A

both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

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26
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

both alleles for a gene are mixed

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27
Q

Translation

A

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

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28
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

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29
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

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30
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

31
Q

What is a codon?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule

32
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

33
Q

How many amino acids make up a living organism?

A

20

34
Q

All cells in an organism contain the same genetic information

A

TRUE

35
Q

Where do all cells in an organism ultimately come from?

A

Preexisting cells that split and make new ones

36
Q

Why do cells have different functions

A

Only some genes are activated

37
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in DNA sequence

38
Q

Substitution Mutation

A

replaces one base with another

39
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

adds one or more bases (frame shift)

40
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

deletes one or more bases (frame shift)

41
Q

Stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells

42
Q

Natural Selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

43
Q

Adaptation

A

a trait that allows an organism to be better suited for its environment

44
Q

4 types of evidence for evolution

A

Homologous structures, similarities in the embryo stage, vestigial organs, molecular homologies

45
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

46
Q

Molecular homologies

A

genes shared due to common ancestry

47
Q

Geosphere

A

all of the rock at and below Earth’s surface

48
Q

Hydrosphere

A

All the water on earth

49
Q

Biosphere

A

the part of Earth where life exists

50
Q

Atmosphere

A

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth

51
Q

KNOW THE CARBON CYCLE

A

CARBON CYCLE

52
Q

How are fossil fuels formed?

A

decomposed organisms overtime become fossil fuels due to heat and pressure

53
Q

global warming

A

A gradual increase in average global temperature

54
Q

climate change

A

a change in global or regional climate patterns

55
Q

How much energy is passed up to each trophic level?

A

10%

56
Q

What type of organism is at the bottom of all food webs?

A

Primary Producers

57
Q

Carnivore

A

eats other animals

58
Q

Herbivore

A

eats plants

59
Q

Omnivore

A

eats plants and animals

60
Q

Scavenger

A

eats dead animals

61
Q

Decomposer

A

breaks down wastes and dead organisms

62
Q

Detritivore

A

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

63
Q

invasive species

A

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

64
Q

density-dependent factors

A

factor that limits a population more as population density increases

65
Q

density-independent factors

A

limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population density

66
Q

pioneer species

A

First species to populate an area during primary succession

67
Q

Primary succession

A

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present, no soil

68
Q

Secondary succession

A

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

69
Q

homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

70
Q

feedback mechanism

A

a response within a system that influences the activity of that system

71
Q

positive feedback

A

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

72
Q

negative feedback

A

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

73
Q

Positive and Negative feedback mean good and bad.

A

FALSE

74
Q

Transcription

A

the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Biology (1 decks)

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