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biology final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when e coli enters the urinary tract, common in women

A

urinary tract infection

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2
Q

these block the renal pelvis if they get too large

A

kidney stones

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3
Q

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

A

three stages of urine formation

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4
Q

blood filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney

A

nephron

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5
Q

network that surrounds a nephron and the function in reabsorption during urine formation

A

peritubular capillary network

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6
Q

small network for capillaries in the upper end of a nephron, where the filtration of blood takes place

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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8
Q

reabsorbs water and ions from urine

A

loop of Henle

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9
Q

secretes ions, acids, drugs, toxins, and reabsorbs sodium, calcium, and water. This empties into the collecting duct

A

distal convoluted tubule

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10
Q

produce sperm and male sex hormones

A

testes

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11
Q

ducts where sperm mature

A

epididymis

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12
Q

where sperm are stored, the smooth muscles here cause ejaculation

A

vas deferens

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13
Q

sperm from the ejaculatory ducts enter here, this is a common duct for sperm and urine

A

urethra

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14
Q

produces fluid in semen, and produces fructose (which nourishes sperm)

A

seminal vesicles

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15
Q

between the tubules, they secrete testosterone

A

leydig cells

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16
Q

inside the tubules, support and nourish the sperm

A

sertoli cells

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17
Q

what stimulates sertoli cells and help sperm production

A

FSH on testes

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18
Q

What stimulates leydig cells that oversee producing testosterone?

A

LH on testes

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19
Q

what stimulates follicle growth; making the follicles secrete estrogen

A

FSH on the ovaries

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20
Q

what triggers ovulation and ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum

A

LH on the ovaries

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21
Q

what does FSH do during the follicular phase?

A

activates follicle to develop, which secretes estrogen

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22
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

LH surge at mid-cycle

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23
Q

What is the corpus luteum and what is its role?

A

a remnant of ruptured follicle that becomes a gland. It secretes estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone builds up the endometrium and inhibits FSH from developing a new follicle and LH from triggering ovulation

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24
Q

If the egg is not fertilized what happens?

A

a drop in estrogen and progesterone causes endometrium cells to die. (menstration) This drop in hormones allows FSH to mature a new follicle to start the cycle again, and the LH to ovulate that follicle

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25
Q

What hormone is detected by a pregnancy test?

A

HCG hormone

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26
Q

endocrine gland within the ovary that plays a role in regulation of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy

A

corpus luteum

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27
Q

mucus membrane lining the uterus

A

endometrium

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28
Q

describe how hormones are specific to target cells

A

hormone cells are specific to their receptors, they cannot connect to every receptor

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29
Q

what hormone interacts with the receptor on the surface of the cell?

A

Protein hormone

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30
Q

what hormone is hydrophobic and can enter the cell easily like lipids

A

steroid hormones

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31
Q

inability to maintain glucose homeostasis, excess glucose in urine and lots of water in urine

A

diabetes mellitus

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32
Q

juvenile diabetes, insufficient insulin secretion, if untreated this leads to ketoacidosis, treated with insulin injection

A

type 1 diabetes

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33
Q

adult diabetes, low insulin produced, receptors do not take in insulin, fat cell release chemical that interferes with receptors. Treated with insulin, diet, and exercise

A

type 11 diabetes

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34
Q

sets the metabolic machinery in motion and is a second messenger

A

cAMP

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35
Q

secrete glucose

A

alpha cells

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36
Q

secrete insulin

A

beta cells

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37
Q

an impaired response of the body to insulin, resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood

A

insulin resistance

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38
Q

Target tissue is the kidney, function is: blood solute concentration is too high, this causes kidneys to reabsorb water

A

Antidiuretic

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39
Q

target tissue: uterus and mammary glands

Function: causes uterine contractions and milk letdown

A

oxytocin

40
Q

target tissue: anterior pituitary

function: tells anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone

A

thyroid releasing hormone

41
Q

target tissue: thyroid

Function: tells thyroid to release thyroxine

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

42
Q

target tissue: all tissue
function: maintains basal metabolic rate, increases protein production, glucose levels, lipid synthesis, heart rate, and maintains mood and sleep.

A

thyroxine

43
Q

thyroid that is a disorder from thyroxine

A

goiter

44
Q

target cell: liver
function: after a meal it tells the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Decreasing glucose levels in your blood.

A

insulin

45
Q

target tissue: liver and muscles

Function: while fasting, tells liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose, this causes increase glucose in the blood.

A

glucagon

46
Q

know the vessels through blood blows through the nephron (RAGEPR)

A

renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary network, renal vein.

47
Q

know the tubes through which filtrate flows through the nephron (BPLDC)

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct.

48
Q

stage of development where the cells divide but do not increase in size

A

cleavage

49
Q

stage of development where cells increase in size

A

growth

50
Q

stage of development where the embryo assumes shape

A

morphogenesis

51
Q

stage of development where the cells take on specific structures and functions

A

differentiation

52
Q

an embryo when it reaches the uterine cavity

A

blastocyst

53
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass of a blastocyst

A

it becomes an embryo

54
Q

what happens to the outer cells of a blastocyst

A

they become a chorion

55
Q

What does the endoderm develop into

A

digestive system

56
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into

A

muscle and connective tissue

57
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into?

A

epidermis and nervous system

58
Q

these carry deoxygenated blood from fetal tissues to placenta

A

umbilical arteries

59
Q

carry oxygenated blood from fetal tissues to placenta

A

umbilical veins

60
Q

hole in between right and left atria, some oxygenated blood entering the right atrium is diverted to the left atrium

A

foramen ovule

61
Q

pulmonary artery to aorta, most fetal blood bypasses the lungs

A

ductus arteriosus

62
Q

the first cell of a person

A

zygote

63
Q

the extra cellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the egg

A

zona pellucida

64
Q

caps the head of the sperm

A

acrosome

65
Q

cells divide but do not increase in size

A

cleavage

66
Q

who believed that we acquire traits throughout life, and those are passed to our offspring

A

Lamarck

67
Q

who believed in natural selection; those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

Darwin

68
Q

when humans select who they want to breed

A

artificial selection

69
Q

what are the three requirements for natural selection to occur

A

variation, competition, heritability

70
Q

individuals are different through DNA mutation, immigration, and meiosis (independent assortment/crossing over)

A

variation

71
Q

variation allows some to better survive and reproduce

A

competition

72
Q

advantageous traits must be passed onto the offspring

A

heritability

73
Q

they have the same evolutionary origin and similar anatomy (not the same)

A

homologous (ex: forelimb bones)

74
Q

not the same evolutionary origin, not similar in anatomy, but they do not have the same function

A

analogous (ex: flippers and fins)

75
Q

anatomical features present in our ancestors, but no longer serve us a function; l

A

vestigial structures (post-anal tails and gill pouches in humans)

76
Q

survival of the fittest

A

natural selection

77
Q

when humans pick what they reproduce

A

artificial selection

78
Q

tiktoalik

A

transition from fish to amphibian

79
Q

archaeopteryx

A

transition from reptile to bird

80
Q

spinal cord in humans vs chimpanzee

A

humans have a spinal cord that exits from the center of the skull vs, the rear of the skull

81
Q

spine shape in humans vs chimpanzee’s

A

humans have an s-shaped vs. c-shaped spine

82
Q

pelvis in humans vs. chimpanzee

A

humans have a broad bowl-shaped pelvis vs. narrow tall pelvis.

83
Q

femur in humans vs. chimpanzee

A

humans have a femur that points toward knees vs. away

84
Q

knee joint strength in humans vs. chimpanzee

A

humans have strong knee joint vs. weak knee joint

85
Q

foot shape in humans vs. chimpanzee

A

humans have an arched foot vs. flat foot

86
Q

toes in humans vs chimpanzee

A

humans have a big toe fixed vs opposable

87
Q

what major group of primates do humans belong to?

A

anthropoids

88
Q

what are nodes in an evolutionary tree

A

common ancestor

89
Q

what are branches in an evolutionary tree

A

lineage

90
Q

the longer a species has branched off from the ancestor, the more unique mutation is accumulates, the more different it becomes from the ancestor

A

molecular clock

91
Q

diverged from earlier homo island dwarfism, 3 feet tall

A

homo floresiensis

92
Q

large jaws and prominent brow ridge, more muscular than humans. interbred with humans

A

homo neanderthalensis

93
Q

what humans are today

A

homo sapiens

94
Q

what is false regarding the placenta

A

it allows blood from the mom and fetus to mix

95
Q

The embryonic yolk sac functions to:

A

produce blood cells before bone marrow forms

96
Q

what does the sperm use to penetrate the egg?

A

digestive enzymes

biology final (1 decks)

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