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Biology Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

The basic unit of matter

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2
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particles

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3
Q

Neutron

A

Particle with no charge, neutral

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4
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle with only 1/1840 the mass of a proton

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5
Q

Compound

A

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

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6
Q

Molecule

A

Results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, smallest unit of most compounds

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7
Q

Amino Acids

A

Compounds with the amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other, covalent bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide, and a protein is formed from one or more polypeptides

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8
Q

Substrate

A

It is the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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9
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy

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10
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy needed to get a reaction started

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11
Q

Product

A

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

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12
Q

Reactant

A

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

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13
Q

Prokaryote

A

Cells that do not enclose DNA in the nuclei, smaller and simpler, do not have organelles, single celled, bacteria

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14
Q

Eukaryote

A

Cells that enclose DNA in the nuclei, larger and more complex, contain organelles, multicellular or single cellular, plants, animals, fungi, protists

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15
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Makes up the cell membrane and gives it a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings, double layered sheet, made up of lipids with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, only water molecules can move in osmosis, not solute materials

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18
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels

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19
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of materials against a concentration difference that requires energy

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20
Q

ATP

A

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, and is used by the cell to store and release energy

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21
Q

Fermentation

A

The process in which oxygen is not present continues to release energy from food molecules by producing ATP

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22
Q

Glycolysis

A

The first set of reactions in cellular respiration and breaks down sugar and results in 2 ATP molecules; takes place in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

The second set of reactions in cellular respiration and results in 2 ATP molecules; takes place in the mitochondria

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24
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

The last set of reactions in cellular respiration and results in 32 ATP molecules

25
Q

Pigment

A

A light-absorbing molecule that plants use to gather the sun’s energy

26
Q

Chromosome

A

Genetic information that is bundled up into packages

27
Q

Chromatid

A

The DNA strand in the duplicated chromosome

28
Q

Interphase

A

Consists of three phases G1, S, and G2. Interphase it the phase where the cells prepare to divide

29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The final stage that completes the process of cell division by splitting one cell into two

30
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells

31
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

32
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that only contains one set of homologous chromosomes

33
Q

Spindle

A

Fanlike system of microtubules that will help to separate the duplicated chromosomes

34
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

35
Q

Centriole

A

Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

36
Q

Differentiation

A

The process in which cells become specialized

37
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Each of the four chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent

38
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic of an individual

39
Q

Allele

A

A different form of a gene

40
Q

Hybrid

A

The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

41
Q

Self-pollination

A

When the sperm cells fertilize the egg cells from within the same flower

42
Q

Cross-pollination

A

When the male part of the plant is cut away and then used that pollen to dust it onto the female part of another plant

43
Q

P Generation

A

Parental generation

44
Q

F1 Generation

A

First filial generation or son/daughter generation

45
Q

F2 Generation

A

econd filial generation or offspring of the F1 generation

46
Q

Segregation

A

Separation of alleles

47
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

48
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical traits of an organism

49
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical genes for a particular gene

50
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a particular gene

51
Q

Dominant

A

Overpowers the recessive allele

52
Q

Recessive

A

Unable to show unless there are two recessive alleles

53
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes

54
Q

Nucleotide

A

Individual monomers, have three parts, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and an nitrogenous base, joined by covalent bonds to form nucleic acid, some capture and transfer chemical energy.

55
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A 5-carbon sugar that makes up a nucleotide

56
Q

DNA Replication

A

A process where the DNA copies itself and duplicates the DNA

57
Q

Replication Fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand

58
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA

59
Q

DNA Helicase

A

An enzyme that separates the DNA in the beginning of the replication

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