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Biology Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy?

A 
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Cell 
Organelle
Molecule
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2
Q

Examples of the levels of organization of living things

A 
Biosphere- earth
Ecosystem- Florida Coast
Community- all organisms on the Florida coast
Population- group of brown pelicans
Organism- brown pelican
Organ system- Nervous system
Organ- brain
Tissue- nervous tissue 
Cell- nerve cell
Organelles- nucleus
Molecule-DNA
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3
Q

Two things a hypothesis must be to be scientifically valid

A

Testable and falsifiable

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3
Q

Control group vs. Experimental Group

A

Control group- is designed to compare results within the experiment
Experimental group- the group That is experiemted on and compared by the control group

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4
Q

What is the source if energy in ecosystems?

A

The sun

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5
Q

What is the scientific method in order?**

A 
Scientific Method:
Observations
Questions
Hypothesis
Controlled experiment 
Results
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6
Q

What are the components of a controlled experiment?

A

Experimental group, controlled group, independent variable, dependent variable,

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7
Q

What is the Tundra?

A

The northernmost limits of plant growth at high altitudes

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8
Q

What’s the weather like in the Tundra

A

Extremely cold and little light for longs periods of time

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8
Q

What is a community?

A

The entire ratification organisms Inhabiting an ecosystem

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9
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

It is the maximum population size that a particular environment can support

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9
Q

Biotic versus abiotic

A

Biotic is living things abiotic is nonliving

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10
Q

What is a compound

A

A substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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10
Q

What is matter**

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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11
Q

What are a nucleus’s subatomic particles?

A

Neutrons protons and electrons

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11
Q

Ionic versus covalent

A

An ionic bond is where to opposite charges are attracted to each other and come together

A covalent bond is where to Atoms share one or more pairs of outershell electrons

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11
Q

What is a molecule

A

What a formation of two or more Atoms held together by covalent bonds are called

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11
Q

What significant about a water molecule

A

It’s an equal electron sharing makes it a polar molecule

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11
Q

What is a polar covalent bond

A

The result of an unequal sharing of electrons

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11
Q

Solutes versus solution

A

A solute is a substance that is dissolved

A solution dissolves that substance\solute

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11
Q

What is the pH scale

A

The scale is used to describe how basic or acidic a solution is

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12
Q

What is the way of energy and it’s cycle?**

A

The suns energy goes one way and goes from the ecosystem into producers to consumers to decomposes and then back to the ecosystem

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12
Q

What are the different parts of a controlled experiment?***

A

Independent and Dependent variable, control group, and experimental group

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12
Q

A graph graphed exponentially would:***

A

Be proportional to growth and constant

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12
Q

A graph graphed logistically would:**

A

Be more realistic and although would be proportional from the start it would be dampened my realistic factors

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13
Q

What is an atom and what is its 3 subatomic particles?**

A

The building blocks of life

Proton neutron electron

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14
Q

Atomic mass =**

A

Proton + neutron

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15
Q

Atomic number=**

A 
# of protons
Which = # of electrons
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15
Q

Identity of an Atom is determined by**

A

The number of protons

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15
Q

Bonds are formed due to what?**

A

Electrons

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16
Q

How many electrons does an atom need to be stable?**

A

8

Unless it is H or He then it is 2

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17
Q

Element vs compound**

A

Elem: pure substance
Comp: more than two substances combined

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18
Q

What are the types of bonds?**

A

Covalent- electrons are shared

Ionic- electrons are transferred- give or take

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19
Q

LEO GER***

A

Lose Electron- Oxidized

Gain Electron- reduced

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20
Q

What’s a hydrogen bond?**

A

n
(Chemistry) a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules

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21
Q

What causes a polar molecule?**

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

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22
Q

Acid vs Base**

A

An acidic solution is 0-6 on a pH scale
It it from having many H+

A basic solution is 8-14 on a pH scale
It is from having a lot of OH-

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22
Q

The pH scale goes up and down by???**

A

10 fold

23
Q

Solute vs Solvent**

A

Solute is dissolved my solvents
Solvents dissolve solute
When mixed: creates solution

24
Q

Whatis the chemical rxn**

A

Reactants come together to form a product

25
Q

Name the four macromolecules**

A

Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acids (DNA RNA)

26
Q

Examples of macromolecules:**

A

Protein: cheese
Carbs: fruit veggies beans
Lipids: nuts have lipids…fatty acids
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

27
Q

How macromolecules are formed:**

A

A monomer is formed by dehydration
Monomers are put together to form polymers
Strands of polymers create a macromolecule

28
Q

What are the four levels of structure in protein?**

A

Primary Structure: a single string of amino acids put together
Secondary Structure: form an alpha helix or a pleaded sheet
Tertiary structure: alpha helixes and pleaded sheets that create subunits if polypeptides
Quarternary Structure: when subunits of those polypeptides come together to create one protein

29
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic cells**

A

Eukaryotic cells have membrane enclosed organelles and prokaryotics don’t

30
Q

Mitochondria**

A

Produces energy through cellular respiration

31
Q

Rough ER**

A

Transport and storage

32
Q

ribosomes

**

A

create proteins

33
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

**

A

creates lipids or fat

34
Q

chloroplast **

A

creates glucose

35
Q

Golgi apparatus**

A

synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids

36
Q

Golgi body

**

A

golgi body protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm

37
Q

Cytoplasm

**

A

cytoplasm where all chemicals take place

38
Q

Centrioles**

A

centrioles -for cellular division and cellular reproduction

39
Q

Cytoskeleton**

A

cytoskeleton supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins

40
Q

lysosomes **

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion

41
Q

Cilia**

A

cilia -hair like structures

42
Q

flagellum **

A

tail

43
Q

Vesicle**

A

vesicle moves protein, lipid and carbohydrate

44
Q

Nuclear envelope**

A

nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus

45
Q

vacuole

**

A

vacuole contains food or water

46
Q

Cell membrane**

A

cell membrane separates cell contents from the environment

47
Q

Microtubules**

A

microtubules provide internal support

48
Q

Nucleus**

A

nucleus information center of the cell

49
Q

Nucleolus**

A

nucleolus -site of ribosome synthesis

50
Q

chromatin

*+

A

chromatin threadlike mass of DNA

51
Q

Cell wall is only found in?**

A

Plant cell for structure

52
Q

A vacuole is found mainly in a?**

A

Plant cell

53
Q

Lysosome found mainly in?**

A

Animal cell

54
Q

Chloroplast is in? **

A

Plant

55
Q

What are the two types of energy?**

A

Potential and kinetic

56
Q

Define kinetic energy**

A

Energy of motion

57
Q

Define potential energy**

A

Stored energy

58
Q

Exerginic vs endergonic**

A

Endergonic releases energy

Endergonic absorbs energy

59
Q

Energy coupling is:**

A

The release of exergonic energy to drive an endergonic reaction

60
Q

The relationship of an enzyme and a substrate?**

A

An enzyme sits on the active site of a substrate to create a chemical reaction

61
Q

How can you change the active site or enzyme so that there is no chem **

A

By denaturing them( changing their shape or function)

62
Q

What are some ways to denature an enzyme?*+

A

Heat, pH, salt

63
Q

What are the two types of transport?**

A

Active and transport

64
Q

Define active transport

Define passive transport**

A

Active- energy required

Passive- energy not required

65
Q

What is the transport of water?

A

Osmosis: a passive transport

66
Q

What happens in osmosis?

A

Where the molecule diffuses from a low concentration solution to a high concentration solution

67
Q

Photosynthesis vs Cellular Respiration

A

Photo: chloroplasts
CR: mitochondria

68
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

CO2 + H20 + light = glucose + 02 (oxygen)

85
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose + oxygen =water, c02 , and energy

86
Q

What are the two phases of a cell?

A

Interphase and mitosis phase

87
Q

Whatis the difference between a genotype and phenotype?

A

A genotype is the allele that is either recessive or dominant
The phenotype is the is the physical air such as brown hair or blue eyes

88
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When the offsprings phenotype is in between

Ex: red phenotype parent + white phenotype parent= pink phenotype offspring

89
Q

When two parents alleles are both homozygous dominant then then the offspring has?

A

Codominance in which case both phenotypes show but are not mixed

90
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA-RNA-protein

91
Q

DNA____into RNA

A

Transcribes

92
Q

Rna___into protein

A

Translates

93
Q

What happens during a transcribe?

A

Base pairing occurs and the changing of T to U because RNA does not have a base of T

94
Q

What happens during translation?

A

RNA translates rhe code and then gets stranded by ribOsomes into protein

Biology Final (1 decks)

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