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Biology Final > Biology Final > Flashcards

Biology Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is ecology

A

The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment.

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1
Q

What is a biosphere

A

Term that scientists use to describe all life on earth and all the parts of the earth in which life exists includes land, water, atmosphere

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2
Q

Producers vs consumers

A

Producers- organisms that generate their own food from sources in their physical environment.

Consumers- organisms that rely in other organisms for energy and nutrients

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3
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • used by primary producers
  • photosynthesis captures light energy and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water to convert it into carbohydrates (energy rich sugars and starch) and oxygen.
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4
Q

Food web

A

Food web- more complicated, network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

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5
Q

Food chain

A

Not as complex as a food web,series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and and being eaten

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6
Q

Autotroph

A
  • make their own food

* Use solar or chemical energy to produce “food” by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules

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7
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Must acquire energy from other organisms- by ingesting them in one way or another

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8
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

Cycles where elements pass from one organism to another and through parts of the biosphere in loops- and powered by the flow of energy

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9
Q

Carnivores

A

Obtain energy by killing and eating other animals

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10
Q

Herbivores

A

Obtain energy/nutrients by eating plant life

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11
Q

Omnivores

A

Animals whose diets include eating both plants and animals

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12
Q

Detrivores

A

Feed on detritus particles, often chewing and grinding them to smaller pieces.
Digest decomposers that live on and in detritus particles

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13
Q

Decomposers

A

Feed by chemically breaking down organic matter ( bacteria and fungi)

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14
Q

Scavengers

A

Scavengers are animals that consume the carcasses of other animals that have been killed by predators or have died of other causes

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15
Q

Biotic factors

A

Any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact

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16
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Physical or non-living factor that shapes an ecosystem

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17
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

States that no two organisms can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.

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18
Q

Predator vs prey

A

Predator- interaction in which one organism(predator) captures and feeds on another (prey)

Prey- the organism that gets fed on

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19
Q

Parasitism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives on or inside another organism and HARMS it

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20
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from the relationship

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22
Q

Primary succession

A

Succession that occurs on an area in which no trace of the previous community is present

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23
Q

Secondary succession

A

Type of succession that occurs in an area that was only partially destroyed by disturbances

24
Q

Exponential growth

A

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

25
Q

Logistic growth

A

Growth pattern in which a populations growth slows and then stops following a period of exponential growth

26
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support

27
Q

Limiting factors

A

Factor that causes a population growth to decrease ( disease, predatorism, natural disasters)

28
Q

Charles darwin

A

A famous biologist that did studies on the galapagos islands
Noticed that different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited seperated, but ecologically similar habitats around the globe.

29
Q

Huttons theories

A
  • our planets history stretches back over such a long period of time
  • discovered connections between many different geological processes like mountains and valleys and shit
30
Q

Lyells theories

A
  • stated the geological processes we see are the same ones that shaped the earth millions of years ago
  • thought the earth was older than hutton cuz the rivers would need a longer time to make canyons and shit
31
Q

Lamaracks theories

A
  • Stated that organisms strive to become more perfect
  • acquired characteristics (traits and animal acquires in its lifetime)
  • pass off traits to offspring
32
Q

Malthus’ theory

A

Reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldnt be enough living space

33
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which organisms that are more suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

34
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits

35
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

36
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Trait controlled by two or more genes

37
Q

Single-gene trait

A

Trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles

38
Q

Mutations

A

Change in the genetic material of a cell

39
Q

Linnaeus’ classification system

A

Kingdom, phylum,class, order, family, genus, species

40
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Classification system in which each species is assigned a 2 part scientific name

41
Q

Cladogram

A

Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species

42
Q

Clade

A

Evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor ad all its descendants

43
Q

Derived characters

A

Trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members

44
Q

Peristalsis

A

Contractions of smooth muscles that provide the force that moves food through the esophagus toward the stomach

45
Q

Pancreas function

A
  • produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
  • produces enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, lipids etc
  • produces sodium bicarbonate
46
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick middle muscle layer of the heart

47
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Path of circulation between the heart and the rest of body

48
Q

Pulmonary cirulation

A

Path of circulation between the lungs and the heart

49
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products

50
Q

Arteries

A

Large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body

51
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart

52
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure when your blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or above

53
Q

Stroke

A

Happens when blood flow to a part of the brain stops

54
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid that is part of animal cell membranes

55
Q

What is LDL am HDL

A

LDL-(low density lipoprotein) most likely causes trouble in circulatory system cuz it becomes part of plaque a persons level should be< 100 mg/dl
HDL-( high density lipoprotein) good cholesterol mans level should be >40 and a womans should be> 50

56
Q

Epiglottis

A

A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of tje windpipe

57
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron- containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and transports it to the body

Biology Final (1 decks)

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