Biology Exam Two Flashcards
Cytoskeleton
- Gives shape to cell
- Aids in movement of molecules/ organelles within a cell.
- Anchors organelles to particular location within the cell.
Actin Filament
(Microfilament) Dynamic
Microtubule
Made up of two equally distributed, structurally similar, globular subunits.
Intermediate Filament
The heart and gives shape
Dynein
Motor protein; carry cargo throughout travelling the network of microtubules.
Negative Side
Kinesin
Motor protein; carry cargo throughout travelling the network of microtubules. Positive Side
Flagellum
In bacteria and help it move.
Cilium
In each microtubule to propel extracellular movement.
Cell Wall
Among Eukaryotes, cell walls are found in:
- Plants (cellulose)
- Many protists (cellulose)
- Fungi (chitin)
Animal cells do NOT have a cell wall, they have a extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin and peptidoglycans.
Extracellular Matrix
“rooted” to the cytoskeleton
Integrin Protein
Function mechanically, by attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM)
Adhesive Junction
Bonding occurs
Tight Junction
Nothing can get through
Communication Junction
Small molecules can get through
Plasmodesmata
Acts as a gap junction
Gap Junction
Collections of intercellular channels that allow ions and tiny molecules to move directly between cells.
Autotroph
Organism capable of making nutritive organic molecules from inorganic materials.
Heterotroph
“Other nourishment,” as in a living organism that must get its nourishment by consuming other living organisms.
Blastula
Although embryonic development is diverse most phyla begin as a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
Blastopore
The opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.
Gastrulation
leads to the development of three distinct germ layers in all animal phyla excluding Porifera and Cnidaria
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
Germ Layer
These germ layers are then responsible for giving birth to different organs of the body
Mesoderm
Muscles, Skeleton in vertebrates.
Endoderm
Digestive System
Ectoderm
Nervous system, epithelial cells.
Triploblastic
Condition of the gastrula
Diploblastic
Adjective having two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, as the embryos of sponges and coelenterates
Radial Symmetry
Always in even pieces (Phylum Porifera)
Bilateral Symmetry
- Cephalization–> forming a head
- Directional movement
(Bilateria)
Cell Differentiation
Series of steps that a cell goes through to become mature.
Coelom
Is a body cavity that is lined by mesoderm epithelial cells.
Protostome
Blastopore becomes mouth, spiral embryonic cleavage, determinate development..
Acoelomate
An organism which lacks a coelom completely, either due to lack of body tissues or a derived state where the body cavity has become filled in with cells.
Pseudocoelomate
A pseudocoelomate is an organism with a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm, as is the case with a true coelomate.
Deuterostome
Blastopore becomes anus, Radial embryonic cleavage, interdeterminiate development.
Spiral Clevage
Radial Clevage
Indeterminate Development
Growth that is not terminated
Determinate Development
Cessation of development
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers an (inner or outer) surface of the body
Connective Tissue
Is a diverse collection of distinct tissue types (adipose, cartilage, blood, bone)
Nerve Tissue
Neurons conduct electrical signals, while (neuro)glial cells are supportive cells.
Muscle Tissue
Is found in three forms in animals:
- Smooth Muscle: reproductive, digestive
- Skeletal Muscle: through attachment to tendons its contraction moves bones
- Cardiac Muscle: involuntary contraction ; the
meat of the heart
Muscle Tissue
Is found in three forms in animals:
- Smooth Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
Epithelium
Is a general term for a tissue that covers an inner or outer surface of the body.
Skeletal Muscle
Through attachment to tendons its contraction moves bones.
Smooth Muscle
Reproductive, Digestive, Circulatory systems; Involuntary contraction.
Cardiac Muscle
the meat of the heart; involuntary contraction
Neuron
Also called nerve cells, send and receive signals from the brain.
Neuroglia
Cells are supportive cells.
Bryophyte
Do NOT possess vascular tissue, complex, vascular plants include the ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Angiosperms
The angiosperms, also identified as the flowering plants, belong to one of the vital groups of plants having seeds.
Vascular Plant
As vascular plants, gymnosperms contain two conducting tissues, the xylem and phloem.
Root System
The roots are modified organs found in vascular plants that transport water and nutrients to the plant body, allowing the plants to grow taller more quickly.
Shoot System
A shoot system is the part of a plant found above the soil. It consists of the main stem, leaves, buds, branches, flowers, fruit and within the fruits, the seeds.
Animal Stem Cell
An undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate.
Meristem Cell
a formative plant tissue usually made up of small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells or to cells that differentiate to produce the definitive tissues and organs.
Apical Meristem
The Apical Meristematic tissue is a tissue found in the plant which is responsible for plant growth.
Root Apical Meristem
Root apical meristem is a type of meristem found at the tip of a root, responsible for the growth of a plant in length.
Shoot Apical Meristem
The terminal part of the shoot that lies above the level of young leaf primordium is called as shoot apex. The shoot apex is radially symmetrical.
Primary Growth
This growth happens as a result of the mitotic divisions.
Protoderm
The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots.
Ground Meristem
The ground meristem gives rise to ground tissue, a group of tissues with generalized functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and support.
Procambium
The procambium is a meristematic tissue concerned with providing the primary tissues of the vascular system
Lateral Meristem
Is a type of meristem that occurs at the lateral areas of the plant
Secondary Growth
The formation of secondary tissues which lead to an increase in girth is called secondary growth
Cork Cambium
The cork cambium is the main tissue that is responsible for the formation of wood.
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium and cork cambium are secondary meristems that are formed in stems and roots after the tissues of the primary plant body have differentiated.
Dermal Tissue
The dermal tissue system—the epidermis—is the outer protective layer of the primary plant body.
Ground Tissue
The ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars.
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue is the plumbing system of the plant. It allows water, minerals, and dissolved sugars from photosynthesis to pass through roots, stems, leaves, and other parts of the plant.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the layer of cells on the outside of plant shoots that protects them from moisture loss and physical damage.
Xylem
The important function of xylem is to transport nutrients and water to leaves and stems from roots and also to provide support.
Phloem
Phloem is the biological tissue of vascular plants that transports photosynthesis.
Closed Circulatory System
Start at one point and travel in a circuit and end back a that point.
Open Circulatory System
“Blood” coats organs and this is constantly being supplied.
Hemolymph
Fluid of various invertebrate animals that is functionally comparable to the blood and lymph of vertebrates
Ostia
Ostia are minuscule pores present on the body walls of sponges.
Stomata
The stomata are made up of minute pores called Stomata, which are surrounded by guard’s cells.
Spiracle
Various species carry different body parts that help in breathing. One such is the Spiracles, the opening of the tracheal system located on the integument of the insect.
Specific Heat
he amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.
Heat of Vaporization
Amount of energy needed for a state change from liquid to gas.
Surface Tension
Property of a liquid surface displayed by its acting as if it were a stretched elastic membrane
Hydration Shell
The term given to a solvation shell
Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic molecules and surfaces repel water.
Hydrophillic
Hydrophilic refers to having a strong affinity for water.
Hydrophobic Exclusion
Hydrophobic exclusion describes the tendency, for example, of multiple oil droplets in water to coalesce into fewer, larger droplets.
Ionization
Forms of radiation that are energetic enough to displace orbiting electrons from the atoms in the absorbing medium, thus forming positive ions.
pH
Whether a substance is an acid, an alkaline (also known as basic), or neutral.
Buffer
An acid-base balancing or control reaction by which the pH of a solution is protected from major change when acid or base is added to it.
Acidity
Lower then seven.
Basicity
Higher than seven.
Fluid Mosiac Model
Sphingolipid
Have fatty acid tails and are macromolecules that are polar. They also have charge with their phospholipid parts.
Transmembrane Protein
Run through phospholipid bilayer and is the way that polar molecules can get through.
Lipid Raft
Water vehicle
Transporter
Cell-surface receptors
Tell a cell if the cell is similar or not.
Cell-to-cell adhesion
Proteins embedded in membrane, hold together in cell.
Cytoskeleton Attachment Protein
Animals have a extracellular matrix, actin filaments.
Integrin
Transmembrane receptors
Transmembrane Domain
A transmembrane domain (TMD) is a membrane-spanning protein domain
Diffusion
Net passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.
Extraceullar Fluid
Net passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.
Passive Transport
No energy expenditure, but only possible for select molecules.
Facilitated diffusion
No energy expenditure, but an ion channel or carrier protein is required to bridge the hydrophobic center of the plasma membrane.
Channel Protein
A channel protein is a unique arrangement of amino acids that is imbedded in the cell membrane and provides a hydrophilic pathway for water and tiny polar ions.
Istonic
No net movement of water.
Hypertonic
More water will flow (from less water to more)
Hypotonic
Less water will flow (from more water to less)
Aquaporin
Aquaporins, also called water channels
Osmosis
Is a special case of diffusion in which the polar solvent water is the focal particle. The movement of water across membrane based on difference in solute concentration.
Active Transport
Expenditure of ATP required, because a membrane protein is moving ions/molecules against a concentration gradient.
Symporter
Carrier protein that moves two particles in the same direction e.g., the sodium glucose pump.
Antiporter
Carrier protein that moves two particles in opposite directions e.g., the sodium-potassium pump.
Bulk Transport
The movement of large, polar molecules and organisms across the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis
Ways of getting big stuff into the cell.
Exocytosis
Secretory vesicle is going to merge with plasma membrane and let’s go of extra material.
Phagocytosis
Eating, taking a bunc of food type things.
Pinocytosis
Drinking, taking a solvent with dissolved solutions.
