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Biology Lab Practical > Biology Exam Two > Flashcards

Biology Exam Two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Gives shape to cell
  2. Aids in movement of molecules/ organelles within a cell.
  3. Anchors organelles to particular location within the cell.
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2
Q

Actin Filament

A

(Microfilament) Dynamic

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3
Q

Microtubule

A

Made up of two equally distributed, structurally similar, globular subunits.

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4
Q

Intermediate Filament

A

The heart and gives shape

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5
Q

Dynein

A

Motor protein; carry cargo throughout travelling the network of microtubules.
Negative Side

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6
Q

Kinesin

A

Motor protein; carry cargo throughout travelling the network of microtubules. Positive Side

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7
Q

Flagellum

A

In bacteria and help it move.

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8
Q

Cilium

A

In each microtubule to propel extracellular movement.

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9
Q

Cell Wall

A

Among Eukaryotes, cell walls are found in:
- Plants (cellulose)
- Many protists (cellulose)
- Fungi (chitin)
Animal cells do NOT have a cell wall, they have a extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin and peptidoglycans.

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10
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

“rooted” to the cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Integrin Protein

A

Function mechanically, by attaching the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM)

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12
Q

Adhesive Junction

A

Bonding occurs

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13
Q

Tight Junction

A

Nothing can get through

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14
Q

Communication Junction

A

Small molecules can get through

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15
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Acts as a gap junction

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16
Q

Gap Junction

A

Collections of intercellular channels that allow ions and tiny molecules to move directly between cells.

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism capable of making nutritive organic molecules from inorganic materials.

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18
Q

Heterotroph

A

“Other nourishment,” as in a living organism that must get its nourishment by consuming other living organisms.

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19
Q

Blastula

A

Although embryonic development is diverse most phyla begin as a hollow ball of cells called a blastula

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20
Q

Blastopore

A

The opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

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21
Q

Gastrulation

A

leads to the development of three distinct germ layers in all animal phyla excluding Porifera and Cnidaria
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm

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22
Q

Germ Layer

A

These germ layers are then responsible for giving birth to different organs of the body

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23
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, Skeleton in vertebrates.

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24
Q

Endoderm

A

Digestive System

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25
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system, epithelial cells.

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26
Q

Triploblastic

A

Condition of the gastrula

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27
Q

Diploblastic

A

Adjective having two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, as the embryos of sponges and coelenterates

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28
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Always in even pieces (Phylum Porifera)

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29
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A
  • Cephalization–> forming a head
  • Directional movement
    (Bilateria)
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30
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Series of steps that a cell goes through to become mature.

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31
Q

Coelom

A

Is a body cavity that is lined by mesoderm epithelial cells.

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32
Q

Protostome

A

Blastopore becomes mouth, spiral embryonic cleavage, determinate development..

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33
Q

Acoelomate

A

An organism which lacks a coelom completely, either due to lack of body tissues or a derived state where the body cavity has become filled in with cells.

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34
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

A pseudocoelomate is an organism with a body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm, as is the case with a true coelomate.

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35
Q

Deuterostome

A

Blastopore becomes anus, Radial embryonic cleavage, interdeterminiate development.

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36
Q

Spiral Clevage

A
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37
Q

Radial Clevage

A
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38
Q

Indeterminate Development

A

Growth that is not terminated

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39
Q

Determinate Development

A

Cessation of development

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40
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue that covers an (inner or outer) surface of the body

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41
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Is a diverse collection of distinct tissue types (adipose, cartilage, blood, bone)

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42
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Neurons conduct electrical signals, while (neuro)glial cells are supportive cells.

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43
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Is found in three forms in animals:
- Smooth Muscle: reproductive, digestive
- Skeletal Muscle: through attachment to tendons its contraction moves bones
- Cardiac Muscle: involuntary contraction ; the
meat of the heart

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44
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Is found in three forms in animals:
- Smooth Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle

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45
Q

Epithelium

A

Is a general term for a tissue that covers an inner or outer surface of the body.

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46
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Through attachment to tendons its contraction moves bones.

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47
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Reproductive, Digestive, Circulatory systems; Involuntary contraction.

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48
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

the meat of the heart; involuntary contraction

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49
Q

Neuron

A

Also called nerve cells, send and receive signals from the brain.

50
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells are supportive cells.

51
Q

Bryophyte

A

Do NOT possess vascular tissue, complex, vascular plants include the ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

52
Q

Angiosperms

A

The angiosperms, also identified as the flowering plants, belong to one of the vital groups of plants having seeds.

53
Q

Vascular Plant

A

As vascular plants, gymnosperms contain two conducting tissues, the xylem and phloem.

54
Q

Root System

A

The roots are modified organs found in vascular plants that transport water and nutrients to the plant body, allowing the plants to grow taller more quickly.

55
Q

Shoot System

A

A shoot system is the part of a plant found above the soil. It consists of the main stem, leaves, buds, branches, flowers, fruit and within the fruits, the seeds.

56
Q

Animal Stem Cell

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate.

57
Q

Meristem Cell

A

a formative plant tissue usually made up of small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells or to cells that differentiate to produce the definitive tissues and organs.

58
Q

Apical Meristem

A

The Apical Meristematic tissue is a tissue found in the plant which is responsible for plant growth.

59
Q

Root Apical Meristem

A

Root apical meristem is a type of meristem found at the tip of a root, responsible for the growth of a plant in length.

60
Q

Shoot Apical Meristem

A

The terminal part of the shoot that lies above the level of young leaf primordium is called as shoot apex. The shoot apex is radially symmetrical.

61
Q

Primary Growth

A

This growth happens as a result of the mitotic divisions.

62
Q

Protoderm

A

The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots.

63
Q

Ground Meristem

A

The ground meristem gives rise to ground tissue, a group of tissues with generalized functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and support.

64
Q

Procambium

A

The procambium is a meristematic tissue concerned with providing the primary tissues of the vascular system

65
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

Is a type of meristem that occurs at the lateral areas of the plant

66
Q

Secondary Growth

A

The formation of secondary tissues which lead to an increase in girth is called secondary growth

67
Q

Cork Cambium

A

The cork cambium is the main tissue that is responsible for the formation of wood.

68
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

The vascular cambium and cork cambium are secondary meristems that are formed in stems and roots after the tissues of the primary plant body have differentiated.

69
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

The dermal tissue system—the epidermis—is the outer protective layer of the primary plant body.

70
Q

Ground Tissue

A

The ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars.

71
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Vascular tissue is the plumbing system of the plant. It allows water, minerals, and dissolved sugars from photosynthesis to pass through roots, stems, leaves, and other parts of the plant.

72
Q

Epidermis

A

The epidermis is the layer of cells on the outside of plant shoots that protects them from moisture loss and physical damage.

73
Q

Xylem

A

The important function of xylem is to transport nutrients and water to leaves and stems from roots and also to provide support.

74
Q

Phloem

A

Phloem is the biological tissue of vascular plants that transports photosynthesis.

75
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Start at one point and travel in a circuit and end back a that point.

76
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

“Blood” coats organs and this is constantly being supplied.

77
Q

Hemolymph

A

Fluid of various invertebrate animals that is functionally comparable to the blood and lymph of vertebrates

78
Q

Ostia

A

Ostia are minuscule pores present on the body walls of sponges.

79
Q

Stomata

A

The stomata are made up of minute pores called Stomata, which are surrounded by guard’s cells.

80
Q

Spiracle

A

Various species carry different body parts that help in breathing. One such is the Spiracles, the opening of the tracheal system located on the integument of the insect.

81
Q

Specific Heat

A

he amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C.

82
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

Amount of energy needed for a state change from liquid to gas.

83
Q

Surface Tension

A

Property of a liquid surface displayed by its acting as if it were a stretched elastic membrane

84
Q

Hydration Shell

A

The term given to a solvation shell

85
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophobic molecules and surfaces repel water.

86
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Hydrophilic refers to having a strong affinity for water.

87
Q

Hydrophobic Exclusion

A

Hydrophobic exclusion describes the tendency, for example, of multiple oil droplets in water to coalesce into fewer, larger droplets.

88
Q

Ionization

A

Forms of radiation that are energetic enough to displace orbiting electrons from the atoms in the absorbing medium, thus forming positive ions.

89
Q

pH

A

Whether a substance is an acid, an alkaline (also known as basic), or neutral.

90
Q

Buffer

A

An acid-base balancing or control reaction by which the pH of a solution is protected from major change when acid or base is added to it.

91
Q

Acidity

A

Lower then seven.

92
Q

Basicity

A

Higher than seven.

93
Q

Fluid Mosiac Model

A
94
Q

Sphingolipid

A

Have fatty acid tails and are macromolecules that are polar. They also have charge with their phospholipid parts.

95
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Run through phospholipid bilayer and is the way that polar molecules can get through.

96
Q

Lipid Raft

A

Water vehicle

97
Q

Transporter

A
98
Q

Cell-surface receptors

A

Tell a cell if the cell is similar or not.

99
Q

Cell-to-cell adhesion

A

Proteins embedded in membrane, hold together in cell.

100
Q

Cytoskeleton Attachment Protein

A

Animals have a extracellular matrix, actin filaments.

101
Q

Integrin

A

Transmembrane receptors

102
Q

Transmembrane Domain

A

A transmembrane domain (TMD) is a membrane-spanning protein domain

103
Q

Diffusion

A

Net passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.

104
Q

Extraceullar Fluid

A

Net passive movement of molecules or particles from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration.

105
Q

Passive Transport

A

No energy expenditure, but only possible for select molecules.

106
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

No energy expenditure, but an ion channel or carrier protein is required to bridge the hydrophobic center of the plasma membrane.

107
Q

Channel Protein

A

A channel protein is a unique arrangement of amino acids that is imbedded in the cell membrane and provides a hydrophilic pathway for water and tiny polar ions.

108
Q

Istonic

A

No net movement of water.

109
Q

Hypertonic

A

More water will flow (from less water to more)

110
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less water will flow (from more water to less)

111
Q

Aquaporin

A

Aquaporins, also called water channels

112
Q

Osmosis

A

Is a special case of diffusion in which the polar solvent water is the focal particle. The movement of water across membrane based on difference in solute concentration.

113
Q

Active Transport

A

Expenditure of ATP required, because a membrane protein is moving ions/molecules against a concentration gradient.

114
Q

Symporter

A

Carrier protein that moves two particles in the same direction e.g., the sodium glucose pump.

115
Q

Antiporter

A

Carrier protein that moves two particles in opposite directions e.g., the sodium-potassium pump.

116
Q

Bulk Transport

A

The movement of large, polar molecules and organisms across the plasma membrane.

117
Q

Endocytosis

A

Ways of getting big stuff into the cell.

118
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicle is going to merge with plasma membrane and let’s go of extra material.

119
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Eating, taking a bunc of food type things.

120
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinking, taking a solvent with dissolved solutions.

Biology Lab Practical (1 decks)

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