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Biology Exam Prep Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List these pathogens in order from smallest to biggest?
Protozoa, Virus, Fungi, Parasite, Bacteria and Prion

A

Prion (smallest)
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Parasite (Largest)

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2
Q

List these pathogens in order from biggest to smallest?
Protozoa, Virus, Fungi, Parasite, Bacteria and Prion

A

Parasite (largest)
Protozoa
Fungi
Bacteria
Virus
Prion (smallest)

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3
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that carries a pathogen between organisms e.g. a mosquito

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4
Q

What is a prion?

A

Pathogenic protein

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5
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

A single-celled pathogen with a nucleus

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6
Q

What is bacteria?

A

A single-celled pathogen without a nucleus

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7
Q

What pathogen can be multi or unicellular?

A

Fungi

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8
Q

What is a virus?

A

A DNA/RNA in a protein coat

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9
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives on the skin of a host

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10
Q

Which type of parasite lives on the skin of a host (animal)?

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives inside of it’s host (animal)

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12
Q

Which type of parasite lives inside of it’s host (animal)?

A

Endoparasite

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13
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A pathogen that requires a host (animal) to live (Multicellular)

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14
Q

Which pathogen requires a host? (Multicellular)

A

A parasite (e.g. Tapeworm, roundworm)

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15
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

To carry oxygen and co2

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16
Q

Which cell in the body has no nucleus?

A

Red blood cells

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17
Q

Where is red blood cells made from?

A

Bone marrow

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A protein in red blood cells containing iron. It assists in carrying oxygen

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19
Q

What is the role of White blood cells?

A

To fight against disease

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20
Q

What percent of our blood is white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma and platelets

A

White blood cells = 1%
Red blood cells = 45%
plasma = 55%
Platelets = 0.01%

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21
Q

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

A

Co2, hormones, nutrients and waste products dissolve in the plasma for it to be carried around the body.

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22
Q

What are platelets in the blood?

A

They are broken up old red blood cells. Their role if to cause blood clotting. (So you don’t bleed out when you get cut)

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23
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry DEOXYGENATED blood TOWARDS the heart. They have THIN walls.

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24
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart. They have THICK walls and HIGH pressure.

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25
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Blood vessels that travel TOWARDS veins. They have MID amounts of oxygen. They are very SMALL and have LOW pressure.

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26
Q

What colour is oxygenated red?

A

Bright red

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27
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood?

A

Dark red

28
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

They are where gas exchange occurs.

29
Q

What is a disease?

A

An impairment that prevents body functioning normally

30
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A disease that’s CONTAGIOUS and are caused by pathogens

31
Q

What is a non-infectious disease?

A

A disease that’s NOT CONTAGIOUS and may be caused by lifestyle choices

32
Q

Types of non-infectious diseases?

A
  • Lifestyle diseases
  • Genetic diseases
  • Immunological diseases
  • Diseases caused by incorrect body functions
33
Q

6 types of pathogens?

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Prion
  • Protozoa
  • Parasite
34
Q

What does DRS ABCD stand for?

A

D - Danger
R - Response
S - Send for help
A - Airways
B - Breathing
C - CPR
D - Defibrillator

35
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It sinks and flattens as you breathe in and rises up and relaxes as you breathe out.

36
Q

What are alveoli?

A

A cluster of sacs inside the lungs in which oxygen and co2 are exchanged

37
Q

What are bronchi/bronchus?

A

Tubes that carries air into each lung (we have 2 of them)

38
Q

What are bronchiole?

A

Thin branches that connect the alveoli and Bronchi

39
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A tube which connects the lungs and voice box

40
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of cells making energy

41
Q

Formula for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

42
Q

What are reactants and what are products?

A

reactants make products e.g Magnesium + oxygen
Reactants
= Magnesium oxide
Product

43
Q

What makes energy in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

Why do we have 600 million as opposed to 2 big ones?

A

600 million has a larger surface area for more gas exchange

45
Q

Why are the alveoli walls thin?

A

So gas can pass through

46
Q

In the heart where is the RIGHT ATRIUM? And what’s its purpose?

A

The RIGHT ATRIUM is located ABOVE the right ventricle. (Will be on the left when you look down on it)
It fills with deoxygenated blood from the Vena Cava’s.

47
Q

In the heart where is the LEFT ATRIUM? And what’s its purpose?

A

The LEFT ATRIUM is the top chamber of the heart ABOVE the left ventricle (Will be on right when you look down on it)
The LEFT ATRIUM fills with oxygenated blood from the Pulmonary vein

48
Q

In the heart where is the RIGHT VENTRICLE? And What’s its purpose?

A

The RIGHT VENTRICLE is located BELOW the right atrium.
When the right atrium pumps, deoxygenated blood travels into the RIGHT VENTRICLE.

49
Q

In the heart where is the LEFT VENTRICLE? And what’s its purpose?

A

The LEFT VENTRICLE is the bottom chamber of the heart. (Will be on right when you look down).
Fills with oxygenated blood from the left atrium.

50
Q

What are heart valves.

A

We have 4 heart valves. Which act as gateways for blood to travel through.

51
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The vena cava is attached to the right atrium. It brings Deoxygenated blood to the body. The top one is the superior vena cava and the bottom one is the inferior vena cava.

52
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The aorta is attached to the left atrium. It pumps oxygenated blood back to the body.

53
Q

What are the pulmonary arteries?

A

Attached to the right ventricle. Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated.

54
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

Attached to the left atrium carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

55
Q

Which of these pathogens are cellular (living) and non-cellular (non-living)?
- Parasites
- protozoa
- virus
- fungi
- prokaryote (bacteria)
- prion

A

Cellular (living):
- Parasites
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Prokaryote (bacteria)

Non-cellular (non-living):
- Virus
- Prion

56
Q

How many lines of defence does our body have?

A

3

57
Q

Which of the lines of defence are specific (innate immunity) and non-specific (adaptive immunity)?

A

Non-specific defences (innate immunity):
- First line
- Second line

Specific defences (adaptive immunity):
- Third line

58
Q

What is the
non-specific/innate immune system?

A

First and second line of defence. They respond the same way to every type of pathogen. Can be physical or chemical barriers to pathogen entry.

59
Q

Examples of the first line of defense:

A

Physical:
- Skin
- Good gut bacteria
- Mucus

Chemical:
- Tears
- Saliva
- Stomach acid

60
Q

Examples of the 2nd line of defence:

A
  • White blood cells (Phagocytes)
  • Fever
  • Mast cells (inflammation)
61
Q

How does white blood cells, fever and mast cells fight of pathogens?

A

White blood cells:
- Eat the pathogen
Fever:
- Kills pathogens with heat
Mast cells:
- Release histamines which cause inflammation. This increases blood cells for other cells which can kill of pathogens.

62
Q

What is the specific/adaptive immune system?

A

The third line of defence. It involves being introduced to a pathogen, then learning a special way to fight the pathogen with different mechanisms.

63
Q

Example of the third line of defence:

A

The main cells are called Lymphocytes which can either be T-CELLS or
B-CELLS.

64
Q

What are T-Cells?

A

They attack pathogen cells and invaded body cells. They also help to attract other immune cells to the area to help destroy them.

65
Q

What are B-Cells?

A

B-Cells produce proteins called anti-bodies that are specifically designed to target ONE pathogen.
B-Cells attach to a part of the pathogen that ‘sticks out’ - called an Antigen. Once the antibody has stuck to the antigen it calls other immune cells to help destroy the pathogen by eating it or by producing toxic chemicals to kill it.

66
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Vaccines are substances that cause your body to react as if it has met the pathogen. They can be dead or weaken versions of the pathogen.

Biology (4 decks)

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