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Biology Exam 2 > Biology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells (rhymes with no)
Unicellular
Bacteria or archaea
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles.
Bacteria
Smaller

Eukaryotes (rhymes with do)
Unicellular or multicellular
Animals, plants fungi, protists
Typically larger
Nucleus
Membrane organelles

Similarities
Both have DNA
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Sometimes have cell walls.

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2
Q

Cell Membrane:

A

regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cells.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

provides shape to the cell.

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4
Q

Nucleus:

A

stores DNA.

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5
Q

Ribosomes:

A

: site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Smooth ER:

A

detox of drugs/poisons, makes lipids

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7
Q

Rough ER:

A

involved with proteins, like creating their shapes.

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8
Q

Golgi:

A

Where proteins are sorted for transport.

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9
Q

Lysosomes:

A

The digestive systems of the cell.

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10
Q

Mitochondria:

A

Generates chemical energy, ATP.

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11
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

: produce energy through photosynthesis

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12
Q

Explain the path of a secretory protein (such as insulin) through the endomembrane system, starting with DNA, to the synthesis of the protein, to its secretion out of the cell

A

Nucleus holds the dna, and makes rna. RNA leaves the nucleus. Goes to rough ER (has ribosomes which read RNA and make protein). Protein goes to golgi, folds and packages protein. That protein goes through exocytosis out of the cell.

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13
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts in today’s eukaryotic cells were once separate prokaryotic microbes

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14
Q

What makes up a cell membrane?

A

Proteins and lipids

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15
Q

Know that cell membranes are semi-permeable and what this means

A

Some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but others cannot. It allows some cells to go through, and others not.

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16
Q

What is a concentration gradient? “Down the concentration gradient” vs. “against the concentration gradient”

A

The difference in concentration between two solutions.

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17
Q

Passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) vs. active transport. Know when and what type of molecules use what type of transport

A

Passive transport means that it’s going down the concentration gradient. Active transport means going against the concentration gradient through the cell membrane, it requires energy (glucose). Osmosis is where water moves to areas of higher concentration.
Small nonpolar cells use passive transport. Big polar molecules use facilitated diffusion.

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18
Q

Hypertonic

A

Hypertonic is H20 going out the cell

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19
Q

Isotonic

A

the water in equilibrium.

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20
Q

Hypotonic

A

the water going into the cell

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21
Q

Exocytosis

A

Leave the cell

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

Entering the cell

23
Q

What energy do molecules have?

A

Chemical potential energy. Breaking bonds releases energy.

24
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy

25
Q

Catamolic pathway.

A

Break down molecules.
Releases energy (because breaking bonds).
The term for releasing energy is “exergonic.”
If you break the bonds, then you have energy.
EX: Breaking down sugar from food (cellular respiration).
Hydrolysis
EXAMPLE: Glycolysis. It’s exergonic, so the energy is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP.
Anabolic Pathways

26
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

Build molecules (b/c making bond).
It consumes energy to build molecules (Endergonic)
Animo acids have low potential energy (low potential energy, few bonds).
Protein (more potential energy, more bonds).
EX: Making sugar (photosynthesis).
Where does the cell get energy to power anabolic pathways (endergonic reactions)?
It’s coming from an exergonic reaction.
Energy is transferred using ATP molecules.
EXAMPLE: Building glucose from carbon dioxide. Uses endergonic energy, because it requires it’s a photosynthesis reaction, so requires energy.

27
Q

Explain how ATP uses energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

A

Stores energy from exergonic reactions in bonds and uses energy to power endergonic reactions.

28
Q

What is activation energy? Know that enzymes lower activation energy

A

Energy needed to start a reaction (even exergonic reaction).

29
Q

How are enzymes affected by pH and temperature?

A

Can be denatured (loses shape, which makes it lose function) by too high/low pH, temp.

30
Q

What are competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

Competitive inhibitors are molecules which are very similar to the enzymes natural substrate, and thus compete for the active site.

Non-competitive inhibitors do not compete for the active site with substrate but does not allow substrate to bind at the active site.

31
Q

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Breaks down glucose to make ATP.

32
Q

What are electron carriers? (NADH and FADH2)

A

Transports electrons. Pretty much what it says on the tin.

33
Q

Name the three stages of cellular respiration; for each, state the region of the eukaryotic cell where it occurs and the products that result

A

Glycosis (cytoplasm), Pyruvate Oxidation (mitochondrial matrix), Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix), and Oxidation Phosphorlyzation/Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria).

34
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

Get electrons out of glucose. Makes 2 pyruvate, NADH, ATP.

35
Q

Before entering the citric acid cycle, what must pyruvate be converted into?

A

Acetyl CoA.

36
Q

What occurs during the citric acid cycle? (In the level of detail done in class)

A

acetyl-CoA goes to Citric Acid Cycle.
Net yield: Carbon Dioxide. It’s waste that’s exhaled.
After stages 1 & 2, completely broken down 1 glucose into 6CO2. Released electrons from glucose and put them into electron carriers.
Made a little ATP.

37
Q

Explain how the electron transport chain uses electrons from glucose to produce ATP. Be sure to describe the flow of electrons, hydrogen pumping, and ATP synthase

A

NADH AND FADH2 drop off their electrons from glucose. Electrons flow down the ETC until picked up by O2. Energy from electrons used to pump Hydrogen into intermembrane space creating a Hydrogen concentration gradient. Hydrogen flows down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase which uses energy from flow to make ATP.

38
Q

Explain where and how the electron transport chain creates an H+ (proton) gradient

A

The energy from the flow of electrons is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space. (Creating a H+ ion concentration gradient, high concentration in the intermembrane space).It occurs between the intermembrane space (high) and the matrix (low) of the mitochondria.

39
Q

Where do the electrons from glucose end up?

A

move gradually through the electron transport chain towards oxygen

40
Q

Where do the carbons from glucose end up?

A

All six of its carbon atoms have combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

41
Q

How does cyanide affect the electron transport chain?

A

Blocks 4th protein, stops transfer of electrons to oxygen.

42
Q

In what situation does fermentation occur?

A

Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation

43
Q

What are the products of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation? What organisms use each type of fermentation?

A

Alcohol: two ethanol + 2 CO2 (yeast)
Lactic Acid Fermentation: 2 lactic acid (yogurt bacteria)

44
Q

What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?

A

Create energy from the sun in plants.

45
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosome: one long DNA + proteins packaged together.

46
Q

What is the definition of diploid and haploid cells?

A

Diploid: cell contains two sets of chromosomes (homologous pair of each chromosome type).

Haploid: contains one set of chromosomes.

47
Q

Know what happens to a cell in mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (be able to draw a cell with the correct number and placement of chromosomes in each of these phases)

A

Interphase
Around 90% of the time is spent here.
G1: The cell grows.
S: When the DNA replicates.
G2: Cell grows some more.
2) Mitosis
Prophase: DNA condenses into CHROM. Mitotic spindles form. Nucleus breaks down.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell (metaphase plate). Mitosis spindle fibers attach to Chrom.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids split up. They are pulled to opposite sides cell by spindle fibers.
Telophase: new nuclei form around the chrom. Cytokinesis occurs, which means that the cell divides in half. Makes two cells.

48
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis? How many daughter cells are produced, and are the haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis: form 2 identical daughter cell. Used for growth development, and repair. 2 cells, and they’re diploid?

49
Q

How is cytokinesis (division of the cell) different in animal and plant cells?

A

How the cell divides is different. In animal cells, we get a cleavage furrow, where the cell pinches in half.

In plant cells, a new cell wall is built in the middle, which splits it in two.

50
Q

What is cancer? How is the cell cycle different in cancer cells vs. normal cells?

A

Cancer is unregulated and uncontrolled cell division (The checkpoints aren’t working correctly). Normal cells divide to fill a space. If that space is filled, they stop dividing. Cancer cells carry on dividing even if there is no room.

51
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis? How many daughter cells are produced, and are the haploid or diploid?

A

To produce gametes (sperm and egg cells) for reproduction. 1 Diploid cell will split into 4 nonidentical haploid cells. Haploid sperm + haploid egg to diploid baby.

52
Q

Mitosis vs. meiosis. Which results in cells that are identical copies of the parent cell?

A

Interphase occurs in both.
Go through some of the same stages, like prophase.
They go through interphase once (replicate their dna)
Mitosis divides once, while meiosis divides twice.
Number of daughter produced, mitosis is two, while meiosis is 4.
Meiosis produces diploid cells, mitosis produces haploid cells.
Mitosis daughter cells are identical to each other, while meiosis daughter cells are not.

53
Q

What is nondisjunction, and what is an example of a disorder it can cause?

A

Nondisjunction is when in Meiosis, both chromosomes are not being split. Some of the gametes have extra chromosomes. Down syndrome.

Biology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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