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Biology 113 Exam 1 Terms > Biology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipids, amphipathic

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2
Q

Hydrophilic Heads

A

polar heads of the phospholipids bilayer, exposed to extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid

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3
Q

Hydrophobic Tails

A

non-polar tails of the phospholipids bilayer, faces inward, not exposed to water

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4
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

the cell membrane is a fluid structure consisting of different lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, the components move dramatically

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5
Q

phospholipids

A

main component of a cell membrane

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6
Q

integral protein

A

permanently attached to the cell membrane, and go deep into the hydrophobic part of the cell membrane (shown as blue blobs)

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7
Q

peripheral protein

A

temporarily attached, located on the surfaces of the cell molecule

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8
Q

glydolipids

A

molecules part carbohydrate and part lipid

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9
Q

glycoproteins

A

molecules part carbohydrate and part protein

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10
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers that provide scaffolding, support, and shape to the cell, attach to various organelles and the cell membrane

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11
Q

cholesterol

A

acts as a membrane fluidity buffer (shown in green typically)

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12
Q

Membrane Fluidity

A

the amount of movement of lipids and proteins with the membrane; affected by temperature, the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fats and the amount of cholesterol

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13
Q

transport protein

A

channels and pumps that move substances into and out of the cell

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14
Q

enzyme

A

catalyze reactions

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15
Q

receptors

A

receive signals from outside the cell; messenger molecule binds to it and then sends a signal

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16
Q

identity markers

A

signal that the cell belongs to our body and aren’t “non-self” invaders

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17
Q

cell-adhesion proteins

A

form cell to cell attachments, holding different cells together

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18
Q

cytoskeleton anchoring sites

A

secure the cell structure together like scaffolding

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19
Q

selective permeability

A

some substances can cross the cell membrane more easily than others; smaller and non-polar substances have the easiest time going through

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20
Q

passive process

A

no expenditure of cellular energy required; substances move down their concentration gradient

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21
Q

diffusion

A

particles in a container move spontaneously from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; substance specific

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22
Q

Brownian motion

A

random thermal energy that particles possess that causes particles to collide and spread out during diffusion

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23
Q

equilibrium

A

when substances concentration gradient has dissipated

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24
Q

simple diffusion

A

small nonpolar substances easily diffuse through the cell membrane following their concentration gradient; ex. carbon dioxide, oxygen

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25
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

large and/or polar substances require a protein channel/carrier protein in order for diffusion to occur

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26
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a cell membrane; water moves from a high water concentration to an area of low water concentration; towards the side with the higher solute concentration

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27
Q

tonicity

A

a relative measure of a solution’s concentration relative to an adjacent solution across a semi-permeable membrane

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28
Q

isotonic solution

A

two solutions have the same solute concentration; no net gain/loss of water from the cell

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29
Q

hypotonic solution

A

water will move into the cell; solution with a low solute concentration relative to another; cell will swell/burst

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30
Q

lysis

A

when a cell membrane bursts because of too much water; only when there is no cell wall

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31
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution with a high solute concentration relative to another; water will move out of the cell; the cell will shrink

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32
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the force needed to stop the osmotic flow of water; used as a measurement of the solution’s concentration

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33
Q

osmoregulation

A

the ability to control the water balance within a cell; pump ions, cell wall, and contractile vacuole

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34
Q

primary active transport

A

requires the breakdown of ATP; moves particles against their concentration gradient like a pump; phosphate group added to transport protein

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35
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses energy from the movement of one substance down its concentration gradient to power the movement of another substance up its gradient

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36
Q

symport

A

same direction

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37
Q

antiport

A

opposite direction

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38
Q

vesicular transport

A

a.k.a. bulk transport; includes endocytosis and exocytosis

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39
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of molecules by the formation of a vesicle from the plasma membrane

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40
Q

exocytosis

A

export of content from the cell via a vesicle; ex. ejection of mucus from a gland, sweat glands

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41
Q

phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”, used to uptake large particles; endocytosis

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42
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”, used to uptake fluid droplets; endocytosis

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43
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis is triggered by a substance, usually a ligand, binding to a receptor on the cell membrane; the ligand is untaken by the cell

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44
Q

ligan

A

molecules that can bind a receptor and stimulate a response

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45
Q

cell signaling

A

type of communication between cells whereby a molecule from one cell stimulates a response in another cell. Many hormones work this way; three steps: reception, transduction, response

46
Q

receptor

A

cell membrane protein that ligand binds to

47
Q

signal transduction molecules

A

molecules that relay signals into the cell

48
Q

nucleus

A

usual target of a cell signaling pathway; when received, genes are activated resulting in a change in the cell’s function/activity

49
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

50
Q

anabolic/anabolism reactions

A

synthesis reactions, taking smaller things and making a larger molecule; requires expenditure of energy to form bonds, endergonic

51
Q

catabolic/catabolism reactions

A

decomposition reactions, take larger molecules and break a portion off “cats break stuff”; release energy when breaking bonds, exergonic

52
Q

chemical energy

A

energy released from energy storage in major molecules like glucose, fatty acids, triglycerides, proteins, ATP

53
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. I can only be transferred or transformed.

54
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

with every energy transfer, some energy is converted/lost to heat; organisms cannot recycle their energy over and over again; every energy transfer increases the entropy (the measure of the amount of energy unavailable to do work) of a system

55
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

measurement in delta G/joules; the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work; negative means energy was released (exergonic), positive means energy was inputted (endergonic)

56
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

chief energy currency of cells; composed like a nucleotide of ribose(5-carbon sugar), adenine, and 3 phosphates

57
Q

phosphoanhydride bond

A

high energy bonds between the 3 phosphate groups of ATP (between oxygen and phosphate)

58
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

uses water to break phosphates (exergonic reaction) so that energy can be released for cell

59
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

rarely happens for long, ATP synthesis energy absorbs from food; endergonic synthesis; adding a phosphate back

60
Q

Higher Activation Energy

A

slow reaction

61
Q

Lower Activation Energy

A

faster reaction

62
Q

catalyst

A

molecules that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy; can be reused

63
Q

substrate

A

substance undergoing a reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme

64
Q

Enzyme Active Site

A

site on the enzyme where the substrate binds to it; it only recognizes one specific substrate and only allows one substrate to bind at a time

65
Q

coenzyme/cofactor

A

non-enzyme molecules that associate with a particular enzyme and enable better interaction between substrate and active site

66
Q

enzyme saturation

A

point when enzymes cannot catalyze a reaction faster, since each enzyme can only bind one substrate at a time

67
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

resembles substrate and binds to active site of enzyme so that the substrate will no longer fit

68
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

binds to a site other than active site (allosteric site); changes the shape of the active site

69
Q

metabolic pathway

A

series of linked chemical reaction occurring in a cell or organisms; the product from one reaction become site reactant in the next

70
Q

autotrophs

A

able to produce their own organic molecules via reactions such as photosynthesis

71
Q

heterotrophs

A

not able to produce their own organic molecules; need to obtain them from the environment or via consuming other organisms

72
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process in which energy is extracted from organic molecules in order to make ATP; a four step enzymatic reaction that breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, releasing energy and harvesting to synthesize ATP

73
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (REDOX Reactions)

A

reaction whereby electrons (and therefore energy) are transferred from one molecule to another; mostly involves the transfer of an entire hydrogen atom

74
Q

“OIL RIG”

A

Oxidation is loss of electrons, lose energy; Reduction is gain of electrons, gain energy

75
Q

Electron Donator

A

Loss of an electron; oxidized

76
Q

Electron Acceptor

A

gain of an electron; reduced

77
Q

Glycolysis

A

does not require O2, occurs in cytosol

78
Q

Intermediate stage/Pyruvate Oxidation Stage, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport System

A

requires O2, occurs in the mitochondria, part of aerobic respiration

79
Q

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (6 molecules oxygen) => 6CO2 (6 molecules carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (6 water molecules) + ~30 ATP;

A

Net chemical reaction of cellular respiration

80
Q

“main electron donor” of cellular respiration

A

glucose; it is oxidized

81
Q

“primary/final electron acceptor” of cellular respiration

A

oxygen

82
Q

Glucose => 2 ATP + 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH

A

Net Reaction of Glycolysis

83
Q

Pyruvate + Coenzyme A (CoA) => Acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2

A

Net Reaction of Intermediate Stage

84
Q

Acetyl CoA => 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4 CO2

A

Net Reaction of Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

85
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate onto a molecule of ADP; occurs during glycolysis and TCA (Citric Acid System)

86
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP by transferring electrons from NADH/FADH2 to power the ETC (electron transport chain) and ATP synthase pump; occurs during the electron transport system

87
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

during anaerobic conditions; NAD+ will run out because it is not being sent back from the electron transport system, so pyruvate is converted into lactic acid to reform NAD+ so that glycolysis can keep going

88
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

occurs in yeast and some bacteria; during anaerobic conditions; regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue; Net reaction: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 NADH => C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 + 2 NAD+

89
Q

peptidoglycan

A

this is what the cell wall is made out of in prokaryotes

90
Q

flagella

A

allow for locomotion (the tail looking thing)

91
Q

pili

A

allow for attachment to other cells (squiggles on the side)

92
Q

capsule

A

sticky shell outside the cell wall

93
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid that cell structures float in

94
Q

ribosomes

A

perform proton synthesis; the folding of proteins is carried out by chaperone proteins; free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes

95
Q

nucleus

A

stores DNA in the form of chromosomes; DNA determines the function of the entire cell

96
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance; the function is protein synthesis

97
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A

relatively few bound ribosomes; function are lipid synthesis, detoxification

98
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Collection of membranous folds; the “FedEx” of the cell which uses vesicles to transport substances around the cell

99
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bounded; “garbage dump” of the cell; enzymes catalyze the breakdown of unwanted molecules or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis; break down macromolecules and digest worn-out cell components (only found in animal cells)

100
Q

Mitochondria

A

function as ATP synthesis via cellular respiration, bounded by outer and inner membrane, and intermembrane space

101
Q

central vacole

A

(only in plants) stores water or food; takes up most of the plant cell

102
Q

cell wall

A

(only plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists) located outside cell membrane; supports cell and resists stress; made out of cellulose or chitin

103
Q

Chloroplasts

A

(plants and some protists) surrounded by 2 membranes; thylakoids/grana are membranous sacs where photosynthesis occurs; chlorophyll pigment is embedded in thylakoids

104
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

flexible protein scaffolding that provides support and movement to cells; made of microtubles, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

105
Q

microtubules/Tublin Polymers

A

made out of tublin, function as maintenance of cell shape, cell motility

106
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made out of several different proteins (such as keratins) depending on cell type; maintain cell shape and motility

107
Q

microfilements

A

made out of actin, function as maintenance of cell shape and motility

108
Q

tight junctions

A

impermeable network of sealing strands, acts as a barrier against diffusion

109
Q

desmosomes

A

strong cell-cell anchors that resist stress

110
Q

gap junctions

A

passageways for substances to travel between neighboring cells

Biology 113 Exam 1 Terms (2 decks)

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