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Biology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

First to see cells

A

Hooke

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2
Q

First to see living cells

A

van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

All plants are made of cells

A

Schleiden

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4
Q

All animals are made of cells

A

Schwann

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5
Q

Cells come from cells

A

Virchow

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6
Q

Makes an RNA Primer

A

Primase

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7
Q

Connects the replicated sections of DNA to each other

A

Ligase

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8
Q

Causes DNA bases to unpair and the double helix to unwind

A

Helicase

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9
Q

Removes RNA primers

A

Exonuclease

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10
Q

Adds new DNA nucleotides

A

DNA Polymerase

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11
Q

The units that are repeated to make a polymer

A

Monomer

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12
Q

A chemical reaction which releases energy

A

Exothermic

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13
Q

A chemical reaction which absorbs energy

A

Endothermic

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14
Q

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst

A

Enzyme

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15
Q

A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

On the right side of a chemical equation

A

Products

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17
Q

On the left side of a chemical equation

A

Reactants

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18
Q

Molecules made from repeating units of identical molecules

A

Polymer

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19
Q

Branching chains

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

Carries information out of the nucleus

A

RNA

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21
Q

Fatty acid that has all the hydrogen that it can have

A

Saturated

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22
Q

Fatty acid that could have more hydrogen

A

Unsaturated

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23
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

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24
Q

One fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate

A

Phospholipids

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25
Q

Plant structural material

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

Plant energy storage

A

Starch

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27
Q

A disaccharide

A

Sucrose

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28
Q

Remains in the nucleus

A

DNA

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29
Q

A simple sugar with a pentagon ring

A

Fructose

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30
Q

A simple sugar with a hexagon ring

A

Glucose

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31
Q

Properly distribute the chromosomes when a cell divides

A

Centrioles

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32
Q

Extensive series of folded channels in the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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33
Q

Long, whip-like structure used for locomotion

A

Flagella

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34
Q

Short, hair-like structures used for locomotion

A

Cilia

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35
Q

Performs photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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36
Q

Convert energy stored in glucose into ATP

A

Mitochondria

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37
Q

Processing and distribution of lipids, proteins, and complex polysaccharides

A

Golgi apparatus

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38
Q

Use digestive enzymes to maintain the cells interior

A

Lysosomes

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39
Q

Generally used to hold or transport something

A

Vesicles

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40
Q

Produce proteins

A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

About 7 nm in diameter

A

Microfilaments

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42
Q

About 10 nm in diameter

A

Intermediate filaments

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43
Q

About 25 nm in diameter

A

Microtubules

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44
Q

Made of actin

A

Microfilaments

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45
Q

Contains the DNA

A

Nucleus

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46
Q

Cylindrical tubes

A

Microtubules

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47
Q

Darker spot in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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48
Q

Ribosomes are made here

A

Nucleolus

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49
Q

Tangled mass of DNA and protein

A

Chromatin

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50
Q

Thin, rod-like fibers

A

Microfilaments

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51
Q

Made of tubulin

A

Microtubules

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52
Q

The area of the cell which is indented as one cell starts to split into two cells

A

Furrow

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53
Q

To make a copy

A

Replicate

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54
Q

Disorganized DNA in the nucleus during interphase

A

Chromatin

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55
Q

A condensed, X-shaped piece of DNA during mitosis

A

Chromosome

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56
Q

A structure made of the centrioles and many microtubules

A

Spindle apparatus

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57
Q

Structure that connects two chromatids to each other

A

Centromere

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58
Q

A chromosome has two of these which are identical to each other

A

Chromatids

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59
Q

True or False

The three major components of a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus

A

T

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60
Q

True or False

Organelles are found in the cytoplasmic matrix but are not part of the cytoplasmic matrix

A

T

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61
Q

True or False

The cytoskeleton is composed of a network of long, thin proteins

A

T

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62
Q

True or False

The nucleolus gives the cell shape and stability

A

F

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63
Q

True or False

Organelles can attach to the cytoskeleton to maintain their position in the cell

A

T

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64
Q

True or False

Cilia and flagella are based on intermediate filaments

A

F

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65
Q

True or False

The nucleus is usually smaller and less visible than the organelles

A

F

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66
Q

True or False

Some cells have more than one nucleus

A

T

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67
Q

True or False

The structure of the nuclear membrane is the same as the structure of the plasma membrane

A

F

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68
Q

True or False

Pores in the nuclear membrane allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus

A

T

69
Q

True or False

The pores in the nuclear membrane often connect directly to lysosomes

A

F

70
Q

True or False

The nucleolus has a high concentration of phospholipids

A

F

71
Q

True or False

The nucleus can make copies of the celll’s DNA

A

T

72
Q

True or False

The leading strand is replicated continuously toward the replication fork

A

T

73
Q

True or False

The lagging strand is replicated continuously toward the replication fork

A

F

74
Q

True or False

The bases are added to the lagging strand in small segments which must later be connected together by an enzyme

A

T

75
Q

True or False

At the end of replication, there are two identical copies of the DNA strand

A

T

76
Q

True or False

After replication, a chromosome has two chromatids

A

T

77
Q

True or False

After replication, one strand has all of the original DNA and the other strand has only newly formed DNA

A

F

78
Q

True or False

In DNA, A attaches to C and T attaches to G

A

F

79
Q

True or False

DNA strands are anti-parallel because they spiral around each other

A

F

80
Q

True or False

The replication fork is the area where the DNA has been unwound and unpaired in so that the strands can be copied

A

T

81
Q

True or False

Short RNA primers must be added to the DNA strand to give DNA Polymerase a place to start

A

T

82
Q

True or False

Okazaki fragments are short stretches of copied DNA which must later be connected together

A

T

83
Q

True or False

A chemical reaction causes a change in the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

A

T

84
Q

True or False

A balanced chemical equation does not absorb energy or release energy

A

F

85
Q

True or False

A flame can provide the activation energy needed to start burning a piece of paper

A

T

86
Q

True or False

A catalyst allows a chemical reaction to proceed much faster

A

T

87
Q

True or False

Chemical reactions do not happen inside living things

A

F

88
Q

True or False

Inhibitors lower enzyme activity by interfering with the active site

A

T

89
Q

True or False

Enzymes work equally well in all environments

A

F

90
Q

True or False

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are some of the main elements found in living things

A

T

91
Q

True or False

Hydrogen is the most abundant atom in a carbohydrate

A

T

92
Q

True or False

Carbohydrates are composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon

A

F

93
Q

True or False

Carbohydrates function for energy storage and structural material

A

T

94
Q

True or False

A carbohydrate generally has an equal number of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

F

95
Q

True or False

The carbon atoms in carbohydrates are generally arranged in ring structures

A

T

96
Q

True or False

Monosaccharides generally have two rings of carbon atoms

A

F

97
Q

True or False

Monosaccharides are polymers

A

F

98
Q

True or False

Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides

A

T

99
Q

True or False

Glucose and fructose are both “spelled” C₆H₁₂O₆

A

T

100
Q

True or False

A disaccharide is a combination of two monosaccharides

A

T

101
Q

True or False

Glycogen and starch are both chains of monosaccharides

A

T

102
Q

True or False

Starch is used by plants but glycogen is used by animals

A

T

103
Q

True or False

Cellulose and starch are both used for structural material in animals

A

F

104
Q

True or False

Fats, oils, and waxes are examples of lipids

A

T

105
Q

True or False

Lipids are composed of glycerol and amino acids

A

F

106
Q

True or False

The polymer parts of lipids are the fatty acids

A

T

107
Q

True or False

Saturated fatty acids have a bent structure, but unsaturated fatty acids have a straight structure

A

F

108
Q

True or False

Nucleic acids generally function as structural material

A

F

109
Q

True or False

DNA is confined to the nucleus

A

T

110
Q

True or False

DNA stores the information needed to make proteins

A

T

111
Q

True or False

DNA and RNA both remain in the nucleus

A

F

112
Q

True or False

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

A

T

113
Q

True or False

Proteins are used for structural material and for enzymes

A

T

114
Q

True or False

The three parts of an amino acid are a sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogen containing base

A

T

115
Q

True or False

Enzymes are chemicals which allow other chemicals to react

A

T

116
Q

True or False

When an animal grows larger, it is because all of its cells get larger

A

F

117
Q

True or False

The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of a cell

A

T

118
Q

True or False

The plasma membrane is composed primarily of nucleic acids along with some cellulose and glycogen

A

F

119
Q

True or False

The fatty acid (or lipid) part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

F

120
Q

True or False

Peripheral proteins go all the way through the cell membrane

A

F

121
Q

True or False

Each phospholipid in a plasma membrane is rigidly fixed into a specific position in relation to the other phospholipids

A

F

122
Q

True or False

A difference in concentration between two areas is called a concentration gradient

A

T

123
Q

True or False

The natural tendency of substances to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called exocytosis

A

F

124
Q

True or False

When cells use passive transport methods, they must use ATP to bring materials across the cell membrane

A

F

125
Q

True or False

Facilitated diffusion is used for molecules which cannot easily penetrate the plasma membrane

A

T

126
Q

True or False

Facilitated diffusion goes against the concentration gradient

A

F

127
Q

True or False

Facilitated diffusion uses proteins to carry molecules through the plasma membrane

A

T

128
Q

True or False

Osmosis is the movement of proteins from high to low concentration

A

F

129
Q

True or False

In active transport, the cell uses energy to transport molecules against the concentration gradient

A

T

130
Q

True or False

Unlike facilitated diffusion, active transport does not use membrane proteins

A

F

131
Q

True or False

Endocytosis is used for small, non-polar molecules

A

F

132
Q

True or False

Endocytosis brings materials into the cell by forming a vesicle

A

T

133
Q

True or False

Cells always stay the same size throughout G₁

A

F

134
Q

True or False

During G₁ a cell prepares to replicate the DNA

A

T

135
Q

True or False

Cells that are never going to divide again often stop at G₁

A

T

136
Q

True or False

All of the cell’s DNA is replicated in G₁

A

F

137
Q

True or False

The checkpoint during S checks to see if the DNA is damaged

A

F

138
Q

True or False

A cell cannot do Mitosis unless each chromosome has two chromatids

A

T

139
Q

True or False

Ribosomes make tubulin during G₂

A

T

140
Q

True or False

The checkpoint in G₂ ensures the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers

A

F

141
Q

True or False

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus; cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm

A

T

142
Q

True or False

Mitosis results in each new cell having a complete copy of the genetic information

A

T

143
Q

True or False

The checkpoint during metaphase checks to see if the DNA is damaged

A

F

144
Q

True or False

Glucose is a molecule which stores energy

A

T

145
Q

True or False

Photosynthesis converts sunlight from chemical potential energy to radiant energy

A

F

146
Q

True or False

The light dependent phase and the Calvin cycle both happen primarily in the light

A

T

147
Q

True or False

Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from sunlight

A

T

148
Q

True or False

Plant cells get CO₂ from the ground through the roots

A

F

149
Q

True or False

Products of the light dependent phase are electrons, hydrogen, oxygen, and ATP

A

T

150
Q

True or False

Light energy is used to break CO₂ into carbon and oxygen

A

F

151
Q

True or False

When CO₂ is broken into carbon and oxygen, we say it has been fixed

A

F

152
Q

True or False

In the Calvin cycle, ATP is used to attach oxygen molecules, resulting in glucose

A

F

153
Q

True or False

Cellular respiration converts the chemical potential energy in glucose to chemical potential energy in ATP

A

T

154
Q

True or False

Glycolysis results in 2 ATP molecules

A

T

155
Q

True or False

Products of glycolysis which are used in later phases of cellular respiration include acetic acid, hydrogen, and electrons

A

F

156
Q

True or False

The citric acid cycle results in 32 ATP molecules

A

F

157
Q

True or False

The citric acid cycle produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in the next phase

A

F

158
Q

True or False

The hydrogen and electron transport system produces 32 ATP molecules

A

T

159
Q

True or False

Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen

A

T

160
Q

True or False

When too much oxygen is available, the cell will use a more efficient process called fermentation

A

F

161
Q

True or False

Anaerobic cellular respiration results in the formation of alcohol or lactic acid

A

T

162
Q

True or False

Anaerobic cellular respiration produces 7 ATP molecules, so it is more efficient than aerobic cellular respiration

A

F

163
Q

True or False

Alcohol can be converted back into pyruvic acid and used for aerobic cellular respiration

A

F

164
Q

After a cell completes mitosis, why must the daughter cells copy their DNA before a cell can perform mitosis again

A

All the chromosomes only have one chromatid because of Anaphase, and there is only one centriole

165
Q

What is activation energy (A sketch is required on the exam)

A

The minimum energy needed to start a reaction

166
Q

What are the three parts of cell theory

A
  • Cells are the units that make up all living things
  • Cells are the units that carry out the functions of all living things
  • Cells come from preexisting cells
167
Q

Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion

A
  • Similarities
    1. Both are ways of getting materials through the plasma membrane
    2. Both use transmembrane proteins to move materials
  • Differences
    1. Facilitated diffusion goes with the concentration gradient, active transport goes against it
    2. Facilitated diffusion doesn’t use ATP, active transport does
168
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O –>(+ Light)–> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

169
Q

How does 1 Corinthians 12:12-31 relate to our study of cytology

A

In the verse it states that just like the body needs all its parts to function, so does the church. In the same way, the cell also needs all its parts to function, just like the church.

Exams (2 decks)

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