Biology Exam Flashcards
First to see cells
Hooke
First to see living cells
van Leeuwenhoek
All plants are made of cells
Schleiden
All animals are made of cells
Schwann
Cells come from cells
Virchow
Makes an RNA Primer
Primase
Connects the replicated sections of DNA to each other
Ligase
Causes DNA bases to unpair and the double helix to unwind
Helicase
Removes RNA primers
Exonuclease
Adds new DNA nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
The units that are repeated to make a polymer
Monomer
A chemical reaction which releases energy
Exothermic
A chemical reaction which absorbs energy
Endothermic
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst
Enzyme
A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
On the right side of a chemical equation
Products
On the left side of a chemical equation
Reactants
Molecules made from repeating units of identical molecules
Polymer
Branching chains
Glycogen
Carries information out of the nucleus
RNA
Fatty acid that has all the hydrogen that it can have
Saturated
Fatty acid that could have more hydrogen
Unsaturated
Chains of amino acids
Proteins
One fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate
Phospholipids
Plant structural material
Cellulose
Plant energy storage
Starch
A disaccharide
Sucrose
Remains in the nucleus
DNA
A simple sugar with a pentagon ring
Fructose
A simple sugar with a hexagon ring
Glucose
Properly distribute the chromosomes when a cell divides
Centrioles
Extensive series of folded channels in the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Long, whip-like structure used for locomotion
Flagella
Short, hair-like structures used for locomotion
Cilia
Performs photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Convert energy stored in glucose into ATP
Mitochondria
Processing and distribution of lipids, proteins, and complex polysaccharides
Golgi apparatus
Use digestive enzymes to maintain the cells interior
Lysosomes
Generally used to hold or transport something
Vesicles
Produce proteins
Ribosomes
About 7 nm in diameter
Microfilaments
About 10 nm in diameter
Intermediate filaments
About 25 nm in diameter
Microtubules
Made of actin
Microfilaments
Contains the DNA
Nucleus
Cylindrical tubes
Microtubules
Darker spot in the nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes are made here
Nucleolus
Tangled mass of DNA and protein
Chromatin
Thin, rod-like fibers
Microfilaments
Made of tubulin
Microtubules
The area of the cell which is indented as one cell starts to split into two cells
Furrow
To make a copy
Replicate
Disorganized DNA in the nucleus during interphase
Chromatin
A condensed, X-shaped piece of DNA during mitosis
Chromosome
A structure made of the centrioles and many microtubules
Spindle apparatus
Structure that connects two chromatids to each other
Centromere
A chromosome has two of these which are identical to each other
Chromatids
True or False
The three major components of a cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus
T
True or False
Organelles are found in the cytoplasmic matrix but are not part of the cytoplasmic matrix
T
True or False
The cytoskeleton is composed of a network of long, thin proteins
T
True or False
The nucleolus gives the cell shape and stability
F
True or False
Organelles can attach to the cytoskeleton to maintain their position in the cell
T
True or False
Cilia and flagella are based on intermediate filaments
F
True or False
The nucleus is usually smaller and less visible than the organelles
F
True or False
Some cells have more than one nucleus
T
True or False
The structure of the nuclear membrane is the same as the structure of the plasma membrane
F
True or False
Pores in the nuclear membrane allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus
T
True or False
The pores in the nuclear membrane often connect directly to lysosomes
F
True or False
The nucleolus has a high concentration of phospholipids
F
True or False
The nucleus can make copies of the celll’s DNA
T
True or False
The leading strand is replicated continuously toward the replication fork
T
True or False
The lagging strand is replicated continuously toward the replication fork
F
True or False
The bases are added to the lagging strand in small segments which must later be connected together by an enzyme
T
True or False
At the end of replication, there are two identical copies of the DNA strand
T
True or False
After replication, a chromosome has two chromatids
T
True or False
After replication, one strand has all of the original DNA and the other strand has only newly formed DNA
F
True or False
In DNA, A attaches to C and T attaches to G
F
True or False
DNA strands are anti-parallel because they spiral around each other
F
True or False
The replication fork is the area where the DNA has been unwound and unpaired in so that the strands can be copied
T
True or False
Short RNA primers must be added to the DNA strand to give DNA Polymerase a place to start
T
True or False
Okazaki fragments are short stretches of copied DNA which must later be connected together
T
True or False
A chemical reaction causes a change in the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
T
True or False
A balanced chemical equation does not absorb energy or release energy
F
True or False
A flame can provide the activation energy needed to start burning a piece of paper
T
True or False
A catalyst allows a chemical reaction to proceed much faster
T
True or False
Chemical reactions do not happen inside living things
F
True or False
Inhibitors lower enzyme activity by interfering with the active site
T
True or False
Enzymes work equally well in all environments
F
True or False
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are some of the main elements found in living things
T
True or False
Hydrogen is the most abundant atom in a carbohydrate
T
True or False
Carbohydrates are composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon
F
True or False
Carbohydrates function for energy storage and structural material
T
True or False
A carbohydrate generally has an equal number of carbon and hydrogen atoms
F
True or False
The carbon atoms in carbohydrates are generally arranged in ring structures
T
True or False
Monosaccharides generally have two rings of carbon atoms
F
True or False
Monosaccharides are polymers
F
True or False
Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides
T
True or False
Glucose and fructose are both “spelled” C₆H₁₂O₆
T
True or False
A disaccharide is a combination of two monosaccharides
T
True or False
Glycogen and starch are both chains of monosaccharides
T
True or False
Starch is used by plants but glycogen is used by animals
T
True or False
Cellulose and starch are both used for structural material in animals
F
True or False
Fats, oils, and waxes are examples of lipids
T
True or False
Lipids are composed of glycerol and amino acids
F
True or False
The polymer parts of lipids are the fatty acids
T
True or False
Saturated fatty acids have a bent structure, but unsaturated fatty acids have a straight structure
F
True or False
Nucleic acids generally function as structural material
F
True or False
DNA is confined to the nucleus
T
True or False
DNA stores the information needed to make proteins
T
True or False
DNA and RNA both remain in the nucleus
F
True or False
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
T
True or False
Proteins are used for structural material and for enzymes
T
True or False
The three parts of an amino acid are a sugar, three phosphate groups, and a nitrogen containing base
T
True or False
Enzymes are chemicals which allow other chemicals to react
T
True or False
When an animal grows larger, it is because all of its cells get larger
F
True or False
The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of a cell
T
True or False
The plasma membrane is composed primarily of nucleic acids along with some cellulose and glycogen
F
True or False
The fatty acid (or lipid) part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic
F
True or False
Peripheral proteins go all the way through the cell membrane
F
True or False
Each phospholipid in a plasma membrane is rigidly fixed into a specific position in relation to the other phospholipids
F
True or False
A difference in concentration between two areas is called a concentration gradient
T
True or False
The natural tendency of substances to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called exocytosis
F
True or False
When cells use passive transport methods, they must use ATP to bring materials across the cell membrane
F
True or False
Facilitated diffusion is used for molecules which cannot easily penetrate the plasma membrane
T
True or False
Facilitated diffusion goes against the concentration gradient
F
True or False
Facilitated diffusion uses proteins to carry molecules through the plasma membrane
T
True or False
Osmosis is the movement of proteins from high to low concentration
F
True or False
In active transport, the cell uses energy to transport molecules against the concentration gradient
T
True or False
Unlike facilitated diffusion, active transport does not use membrane proteins
F
True or False
Endocytosis is used for small, non-polar molecules
F
True or False
Endocytosis brings materials into the cell by forming a vesicle
T
True or False
Cells always stay the same size throughout G₁
F
True or False
During G₁ a cell prepares to replicate the DNA
T
True or False
Cells that are never going to divide again often stop at G₁
T
True or False
All of the cell’s DNA is replicated in G₁
F
True or False
The checkpoint during S checks to see if the DNA is damaged
F
True or False
A cell cannot do Mitosis unless each chromosome has two chromatids
T
True or False
Ribosomes make tubulin during G₂
T
True or False
The checkpoint in G₂ ensures the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers
F
True or False
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus; cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm
T
True or False
Mitosis results in each new cell having a complete copy of the genetic information
T
True or False
The checkpoint during metaphase checks to see if the DNA is damaged
F
True or False
Glucose is a molecule which stores energy
T
True or False
Photosynthesis converts sunlight from chemical potential energy to radiant energy
F
True or False
The light dependent phase and the Calvin cycle both happen primarily in the light
T
True or False
Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from sunlight
T
True or False
Plant cells get CO₂ from the ground through the roots
F
True or False
Products of the light dependent phase are electrons, hydrogen, oxygen, and ATP
T
True or False
Light energy is used to break CO₂ into carbon and oxygen
F
True or False
When CO₂ is broken into carbon and oxygen, we say it has been fixed
F
True or False
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is used to attach oxygen molecules, resulting in glucose
F
True or False
Cellular respiration converts the chemical potential energy in glucose to chemical potential energy in ATP
T
True or False
Glycolysis results in 2 ATP molecules
T
True or False
Products of glycolysis which are used in later phases of cellular respiration include acetic acid, hydrogen, and electrons
F
True or False
The citric acid cycle results in 32 ATP molecules
F
True or False
The citric acid cycle produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in the next phase
F
True or False
The hydrogen and electron transport system produces 32 ATP molecules
T
True or False
Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen
T
True or False
When too much oxygen is available, the cell will use a more efficient process called fermentation
F
True or False
Anaerobic cellular respiration results in the formation of alcohol or lactic acid
T
True or False
Anaerobic cellular respiration produces 7 ATP molecules, so it is more efficient than aerobic cellular respiration
F
True or False
Alcohol can be converted back into pyruvic acid and used for aerobic cellular respiration
F
After a cell completes mitosis, why must the daughter cells copy their DNA before a cell can perform mitosis again
All the chromosomes only have one chromatid because of Anaphase, and there is only one centriole
What is activation energy (A sketch is required on the exam)
The minimum energy needed to start a reaction
What are the three parts of cell theory
- Cells are the units that make up all living things
- Cells are the units that carry out the functions of all living things
- Cells come from preexisting cells
Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion
- Similarities
1. Both are ways of getting materials through the plasma membrane
2. Both use transmembrane proteins to move materials - Differences
1. Facilitated diffusion goes with the concentration gradient, active transport goes against it
2. Facilitated diffusion doesn’t use ATP, active transport does
What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 6H₂O –>(+ Light)–> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
How does 1 Corinthians 12:12-31 relate to our study of cytology
In the verse it states that just like the body needs all its parts to function, so does the church. In the same way, the cell also needs all its parts to function, just like the church.
