biology exam

Question 1

Legarthy and fever can be a sign of an absess , name two other signs

Answer 1

fatigue and decreased alertness

Question 2

explain one risk that a tick poses to the health of an animal (2 marks)

Answer 2

Anemia in some cases , Lyme disease , arthiritis ,

Question 3

name three ways constipation can be managed using diet (6 marks)

Answer 3

indroducing more fibre , more fluids , introduce probiotics

Question 4

explain two biosecurity which can be used to control a rabies outbreak

Answer 4

report the outbreak , quarantine, disinfecting equipment

Question 5

A 12-week-old puppy has eaten rat poison.
State two immediate actions to be taken.

Answer 5

1. call your vet or if its out of hours , go to your nearest pet emergency services straight away
2. make your dog sick

Question 6

State one function for each of the following parts of the digestive system of a cow.
a) Oesophagus.

Answer 6

allows in ruminants for them to regurgitate their cud for further chewing

Question 7

b) Rumen

Answer 7

extracts nutrients from food other animals cannot digest

Question 8

c) Omasum

Answer 8

enzymatic digestion

Question 9

d) Abomasum

Answer 9

breaks down food using hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes

Question 10

e) Tongue.

Answer 10

to feel or tear off tufts of grass

Question 11

Describe the function of essential amino acids.

Answer 11

building and repairing tissues, bones, muscles, skin and other organs

Question 12

Explain three ways the quality of the feed can affect the health of the animal

Answer 12

poor diet can affect disease, ill health, and poor animal welfare

Question 13

Name three territorial behaviours of a dog kept in a domestic environment.

Answer 13

growling and barking , to lunging , chasing , snapping and biting

Question 14

Explain two differences between the behaviour of captive and wild birds.

Answer 14

captive birds can experience more stress and can demonstrate panting , appearing noisy and sleeping and struggling , unlike wild birds.

Question 15

Describe instinctive behaviour using a species-specific example.

Answer 15

An example of instinctive behavior is salmon returning to their place of birth to lay eggs and reproduce. This is considered instinctive because it is an unlearned behavior displayed by all the individuals of the species generation after generation.

Question 16

Explain two types of social behaviour that can be observed in a group of animals
living together.

Answer 16

Cooperation: When animals work together for the good of the group. This can be mutualistic, where both animals benefit, or altruistic, where one animal benefits at the expense of another.
Dominance hierarchy: When animals create a ranking system within their social circle.

Question 17

Give two examples of body language communicated by an aggressive dog

Answer 17

Growling
A low, threatening growl is a sign of aggression. Growling can be accompanied by snarling, which involves lifting the lips to show the teeth.
Staring
A dog might stare directly at a person or animal as a warning sign of aggression. Direct eye contact can be perceived as a challenge or threat.

Question 18

Explain three treatments of canine parvovirus (6 marks)

Answer 18

Intravenous fluids: A cornerstone of treatment, IV fluids and electrolytes help prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Antibiotics: Prevent secondary infections.
Medications to control nausea and diarrhea: Help relieve vomiting and nausea.

Question 19

Define the term ‘compound’ when used in chemistry

Answer 19

in chemistry, a compound is a pure substance made of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio:

Question 20

State two properties of a proton.

Answer 20

Positive charge: Protons have a positive electrical charge of +1.
Location: Protons are found in the nucleus of every atom, except for hydrogen.

Question 21

Explain three links between the structure and function of the skin.

Answer 21

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three main layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer.

The epidermis is an elastic layer on the outside that is continually being regenerated. It includes the following:

Keratinocytes - the main cells of the epidermis formed by cell division at its base. New cells continually move towards the surface. As they move they gradually die and become flattened.
Corneocytes - the flattened dead keratinocytes that together make up the very outer layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum or horny layer. This protective layer is continually worn away or shed.
Melanocytes – produce the pigment melanin that protects against UV radiation and gives skin its colour.

Question 22

A rabbit presenting with a fever and other signs of Viral Haemorrhagic Disease has
been brought into a veterinary practice.
Discuss the effects the fever will have on the tissues within the body and the impact
on nursing care considerations

Answer 22

It is a highly infectious and often fatal condition that largely affects wild rabbits, but can also be spread to domestic rabbits.

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is the infectious virus responsible, which attacks the rabbit’s internal organs causing them to haemorrhage.

This is a very life threatening condition that can take hold very quickly, so it’s important to be aware of this disease if you are the owner of a pet rabbit

Question 23

Explain three ways mammalian cells use active transport.

Answer 23

Mammalian cells use active transport to move molecules against their concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Question 24

Describe instinctive behaviour using a species-specific example

Question 25

Name three different routes of medicine administration and discuss the
procedure required for each.

Answer 25

intravenous- IV or intravenous (in-trah-VEE-nus) therapy is a way to give fluids, medicine, nutrition, or blood directly into the blood stream through a vein.
For drugs administered orally, absorption may begin in the mouth and stomach.
Separate the buttocks with the nondominant hand and, using the gloved index finger of dominant hand, insert the suppository (rounded tip toward patient) into the rectum toward the umbilicus while having the patient take a deep breath, exhale through the mouth, and relax the anal sphincter.

Question 26

Define the term notifiable disease.

Answer 26

A notifiable disease is a disease that is legally required to be reported to government authorities

Question 27

Explain the procedure to follow if it is suspected that an animal in the UK has a
zoonotic disease.

Answer 27

If you suspect an animal in the UK has a zoonotic disease, you must report it to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) immediately:

Question 27

Name one notifiable disease in animals and two signs/symptoms.

Answer 27

Avian influenza (bird flu)
Loss of appetite
Respiratory problems

Question 28

Define the term digestible energy (DE).

Answer 28

Digestible energy (DE) is the amount of energy in a feed or diet that an animal digests and absorbs, minus the amount of energy lost in feces.

Question 29

Discuss how nutrients are digested in the hind gut of the rabbit.

Answer 29

Rabbits are hind-gut fermenters, which means they have a large cecum organ at the beginning of their large intestine that contains microbes that break down fiber and other nutrients in their diet:

Question 30

Compare the diet of a juvenile and adult dog

Answer 30

Junior diets are typically less-energy dense than Puppy diets and can help to support the final growth and development stages before adulthood.

Question 31

Evaluate three factors that should be considered in the feeding plan for a rodent.

Answer 31

1. they are omnivores so they need lean meat
2. small amounts of fresh fruit and vegetables.
   3.Scatter their rat nuggets around their cage and exercise area instead of feeding from the bowl. They’ll really enjoy sniffing out their food. It’s also a really good thing to try if you have one rat that’s protective of their food bowl and won’t let your other rats get a fair share of the food.

Question 32

Describe three natural behaviours of any member of the feline family during
hunting activities.

Answer 32

Stalking: Felines stalk their prey by crouching low to the ground and slowly creeping toward it. They may stop several times to remain still and avoid alerting the prey.
Ambushing: Felines may hide and wait for the right moment to leap onto their prey.
Pouncing: Felines pounce on their prey when they are within striking distance. They kill their prey by biting the throat, which severs the spinal cord or crushes the windpipe.

Question 33

Discuss how the behaviour of the Syrian hamster is linked to its environment

Answer 33

Learn more
Syrian hamster behavior is linked to their environment in many ways, including:
Seasonal changes: Hamsters are sensitive to seasonal changes, such as the length of daylight. In the winter, hamsters may experience physiological changes and go into hibernation.
Cage size: Hamsters in smaller cages may gnaw more and use the roof of their cage as a platform to try to create more space.
Bedding depth: Hamsters with less bedding may gnaw more than hamsters with more bedding.
Light pollution: Artificial light can disrupt the natural behaviors of wild hamsters, affecting their foraging, reproduction, and sleep patterns.
Temperature: A sudden drop in temperature can cause a hamster to go into hibernation. A hamster’s habitat should be kept at a normal household temperature of up to 80°F (26°C).
Territorial behavior: Syrian hamsters are solitary and territorial, and attacks between hamsters are common.
Scent-marking: Syrian hamsters use scent glands on their flanks to mark their territory.
Burrow-making: Syrian hamsters live in burrows, which they use for sleeping, storing food, and protection.
Chewing: Chewing is a natural behavior for hamsters, so provide them with things like cardboard, coconut shells, and hay bars to chew on.
Stretching: Stretching legs shows that a hamster feels secure and relaxed.

Question 34

Outline two atypical behaviours of zoo animals caused by enforced confinement

Answer 34

Pacing: Animals pace back and forth or in a circle, following the same path.
Repetitive movements: Animals perform repetitive movements with their tongue, bite objects, or move their bodies without moving from one place

Question 35

Outline the principle of natural selection in animals

Answer 35

The principle of natural selection in animals is that organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

Question 36

Give two examples of how animals are perceived in different human cultures or religions.

Answer 36

Some religions, like Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism, don’t believe in ruling over animals and many followers live a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Other religions, like Judaism and Islam, have strict rules about how and which animals can be eaten. For example, in Judaism and Islam, pigs are forbidden to eat.
Animal worship
Some religions, like the Egyptians, considered certain animals to be sacred and associated with specific deities. For example, cats were associated with Bastet, ibises and baboon`s with Thoth, and crocodiles with Sobek and Ra.

Question 37

State and describe two breeding problems in an animal that might have an impact
on fertility.

Answer 37

Two breeding problems that can impact animal fertility are disease and heat stress:
Disease
Reproductive diseases can significantly impact fertility. For example, bovine brucellosis, also known as Bang’s disease, is a bacterial infection that can cause abortion, reduced milk production, and weight loss in cattle. It can also affect other animals, including swine, sheep, goats, dogs, and horses.
Heat stress
Heat stress can reduce reproduction and production in both male and female livestock. It can also increase mortality. Heat stress can occur when livestock are exposed to high temperatures, which can suppress their appetite and feed intake

Question 38

State two symptoms of pyometra

Answer 38

Vaginal discharge: A bloody or cream-colored discharge is a primary sign of pyometra. In early-stage infections, the discharge may be small.
Stains on bedding: Stains on your dog’s bedding or under their tail can indicate pyometra.

Question 39

State one symptom and one supportive treatment of canine distemper

Answer 39

A symptom of canine distemper is a “chewing gum fit”, which is a classic sign of the disease. This begins with jaw spasms and snapping, and progresses into seizures. A supportive treatment for canine distemper is intravenous (IV) fluid therapy to prevent dehydration

Question 40

State two reasons why it is important to complete a risk assessment before
conducting chemical experiments

Answer 40

Ensure safety
Improve research
A risk assessment can help improve the research process by helping researchers better understand the research question and variables. It can also help with better planning.

Question 41

State one function for each of the following structures of a neuron.
dendrites:
myelin sheath:
shwann cells:

Answer 41

dendrites: to receive information from other neurons and the environment, and carry those signals to the cell body of a neuron
myelin sheath:protect nerve fibers and allow electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
shwann cells: Myelination
Schwann cells wrap around axons to form a fatty layer called myelin, which insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulses.
Axon regeneration
When an axon is injured, Schwann cells help remove dead cells and promote regeneration. They also secrete growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules to support the regeneration process.
Nutrient support
Schwann cells provide nutrients to axons. They also have transporters that allow them to take up nutrients from the blood and provide them to the neuron.
Phagocytosis
Schwann cells play an active role in phagocytosis, which is the process of clearing cellular debris.