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Biology Exam 1 (1st quarter) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biology?

A

The study of life and organisms

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Organization
  4. Response
  5. Requires Energy
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3
Q

What are the branches of Biology?

A
  1. Cytology
  2. Genetics
  3. Microbiology
  4. Botany
  5. Zoology
  6. Anatomy and Physiology
  7. Ecology
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4
Q

What is Cytology?

A

The study of cells

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5
Q

What is Genetics?

A

The study of genes and heredity

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6
Q

What is Microbiology

A

The study of microscopic organisms

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7
Q

What is Botany?

A

The study of plants

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8
Q

What is Zoology?

A

The study of animals

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9
Q

What is Anatomy and Physiology?

A

The study of the human body and how it functions

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10
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The study of how organisms relate to one another

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11
Q

What are the five steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Define the problem or ask a question
  2. Research
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Test your hypothesis
  5. State your conclusion
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12
Q

What characteristics of our planet support life?

A
  1. The sun
  2. Earth’s rotation on its axis
  3. The right kind of atmosphere
  4. The magnetosphere
  5. Plenty of water
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13
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Universal solvent
  3. Ability to enter three different states
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14
Q

What is polarity?

A

Each water molecule has a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the opposite (like a magnet)

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15
Q

What is the Universal Solvent?

A

Many substances can dissolve into water because of their weak magnetic bond

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16
Q

How does water enter into three different states?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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17
Q

What is Chemistry?

A

The study of matter (all the elements and how they interact)

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18
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest living organisms; the building blocks of life

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19
Q

What are the building blocks of elements?

A

Atoms

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20
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (negative charge)

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21
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The center of an atom; comprised of protons and neutrons

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22
Q

Where are the Electron Shells?

A

The areas in an atom where electrons exist, orbiting the nucleus

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23
Q

What is the Valence Shell?

A

The outermost electron shell in an atom

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24
Q

What are Valence Electrons?

A

The electrons in the Valence Shell

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25
Q

What is the Octet Rule?

A

Most electrons are stable with 8 electrons in their Valence Shell

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26
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An atom with a positive or negative charge

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27
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

The force connecting a positively charged atom with a negatively charged one

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28
Q

What is Covalent Bonding?

A

The force between two or more atoms sharing electrons in their Valence Shells

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29
Q

What is Polar Bonding?

A

The force between two elements in a polar molecule

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30
Q

What is Non-Polar Bonding?

A

When the electrons are evenly distributed among the atoms in a molecule

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31
Q

What is an important element for life?

A

Carbon

32
Q

How many Protons and Electrons does Carbon have?

A

6 Protons and 6 Neutrons, meaning it has 4 Electrons in its outer shell

33
Q

What kind of bonds can Carbon form?

A

Single, double , or triple Covalent Bonds with other atoms

34
Q

What is a Chemical Reaction?

A

When a atoms come together to make a molecule, or when a molecule breaks up into separate atoms

35
Q

What is the Product?

A

The molecule that results from reactants coming together

36
Q

How many Laws of Thermodynamics are there?

A

Two

37
Q

What is the first Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

38
Q

What is the second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Entropy

39
Q

What is Entropy?

A

Given enough time, everything wears out and falls apart

40
Q

What are the building blocks of life? (Besides Atoms)

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
41
Q

What do the building blocks of life have in common?

A

They all contain Carbon (an essintial element for life)

42
Q

What are the three main facts about Carbohydrates?

A
  1. They are compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
  2. They give energy to living cells
  3. They provide structure to living things like plants, fungi, and insects
43
Q

What are the two main facts about Lipids?

A
  1. Lipids include fats, waxes, and steroids
  2. They are used for energy, insulating cells, and protecting cells
44
Q

What are Fatty Acids?

A

Your body’s way of storing energy

45
Q

What are Glycerides?

A

Fatty Acids bound to a molecule of Glycerol (a chain of 3 carbons, each connected to oxygen and hydrogen)

46
Q

What are Waxes?

A

They are similar to Fatty Acids, used to make plants and animals water-repellent

47
Q

What are Steroids?

A

They are made from 4 Carbon rings with a tail

48
Q

What is a job of some of the Steroids?

A

They are chemical messengers

49
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

What cell membranes are made of

50
Q

How many kinds of Amino Acids are there?

A

20 different kinds

51
Q

What is a Peptide Bond?

A

The force linking Amino Acids

52
Q

How many Amino Acids do Proteins have?

A

50 or more Amino Acids linking together

53
Q

What is an Enzyme?

A

A type of protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction

54
Q

Where are Nucleic Acids found?

A

In the Nucleus of a cell

55
Q

What are Nucleic Acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

56
Q

What do Nucleotides form?

A

DNA and RNA

57
Q

What is Organic Chemistry?

A

A study of the common elements that make up living things and the chemical compounds produced by living things

58
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life itself

58
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

Cell Biology and Cytology

59
Q

What are the three basic principles of the Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of 1 or more cells
  2. A cell is the basic unit of organization in all organisms
  3. All cells come from existing cells
60
Q

What are three observations of the Modern Cell Theory?

A
  1. Cells use and transfer energy
  2. Heredity information is passed from cell to cell
  3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
61
Q

What is Tissue?

A

A group of cells connected together to carry out a specific function

62
Q

What is an Organ?

A

Several types of tissues that work together to perform a function

63
Q

What is the Organ System?

A

A group of Organs cooperating to perform a function

64
Q

What are two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

65
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

A

A single-celled organism (bacteria and blue-green algae)

66
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

The type of cells in multicellular organisms (plants and animals)

67
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane?

A

AKA the cell membrane, is the outer boundary that separates the cell from its environment

68
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

Fluid inside the cell containing molecules and organelles

69
Q

What are Organelles

A

The “little organs” inside the cell

70
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The “control center” of the cell containing all the DNA (the genetic material of the cell)

71
Q

What are the three main parts of a Eukaryotic cell?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm with Organelles
  3. Nucleus
72
Q

What is the main job of the Membrane?

A

Maintaining homeostasis (balancing life)

73
Q

What are the two main components of the Membrane?

A

Phospholipids and the Fluid Mosaic Model

74
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

A hydrolic (water-loving) head and 2 hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails

75
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

A way of understanding what cell membranes are and do. Cell membranes are not a solid barrier but the lipids move like a fluid with cholesterols, proteins, and carbs embedded in the membrane

76
Q
A

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