Biology exam 1

Question 1

Who created the first microscope?

Answer 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

What did Robert Koch study?

Answer 2

Anthrax

Question 3

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Answer 3

Unicellular, cell size, nucleoid

Question 4

difference between Bacteria and Archaea plasma membrane

Answer 4

Bacteria: ester linkages
Archaea: ether linkages

Question 5

difference between Bacteria and Archaea DNA replication

Answer 5

both have single replication origin
archaea: more similar to that of eukaryotes

Question 6

difference between Bacteria and Archaea gene expression

Answer 6

archaea transcription and translation are similar to those of eukaryotes

Question 7

difference between Bacteria and Archaea cell wall

Answer 7

bacteria: peptidoglycan
archaea: npseudomurein

Question 8

3 basic shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 8

Bacillus-rod shaped
Coccus-spherical
Spirillum-Helical shaped

Question 9

gram stain

Answer 9

Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan
Gram negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan

Question 10

capsule

Answer 10

gelatinous layer found in some bacteria, aids in attachment

Question 11

flagella

Answer 11

involved in locomotion, composed of the protein flagellin

Question 12

pili

Answer 12

shorter, hairlike structures found in gram-negative bacteria

Question 13

endospores

Answer 13

dormant, protective structures that some bacteria produce to survive harsh conditions (causing tetanus, botulism, and anthrax)

Question 14

prokaryotic nucleoid region

Answer 14

contains the single, circular chromosomes

Question 15

prokaryotes ribosomes

Answer 15

smaller than those of eukaryotes

Question 16

transduction

Answer 16

by viruses

Question 17

conjugation

Answer 17

cell to cell contact

Question 18

transformation

Answer 18

from the environment

Question 19

plasmids

Answer 19

may encode functions not necessary to the organism but may proved a selective advantage

Question 20

generalized transduction

Answer 20

occurs vis the lytic cycle; virtually any gene can be transferred

Question 21

specialized transduction

Answer 21

occurs via accidents in the lysogenic cycle; imprecise excision of prophage DNA

Question 22

artificial transformation

Answer 22

accomplished in the lab
used to transform E. coli for molecular cloning

Question 23

natural transformation

Answer 23

bacteria take up and incorporate free DNA from their environment

Question 24

mutations

Answer 24

can arise spontaneously in bacteria as with any organism (spread rapidly in a population)

Question 25

autotrophs

Answer 25

carbon from inorganic carbon dioxide

Question 26

photoautotrophs

Answer 26

energy from the sun

Question 27

chemolithoautotrophs

Answer 27

energy from oxidizing inorganic substances; nitrification

Question 28

heterotrophs

Answer 28

from organic molecules

Question 29

photoheterotrophs

Answer 29

light as energy source but obtain organic carbon made by other organisms

Question 30

chemoheterotroph

Answer 30

both carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules

Question 31

Type III secretion system

Answer 31

found in many gram negative bacteria molecular syringe to inject virulence proteins into host cell cytoplasm

Question 32

decomposers

Answer 32

release a dead organism atom to the environment

Question 33

symbiosis

Answer 33

ecological relationship between different species that live in direct contact with each other

Question 34

mutualism

Answer 34

both parties benefit

Question 35

commensalism

Answer 35

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 36

parasitism

Answer 36

one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Question 37

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 37

living together within one another

Question 38

similarities between organelles and prokaryotes

Answer 38

double membrane, reproduction by fission, size, circular DNA and ribosomes, genetic comparison of DNA

Question 39

Excavata

Answer 39

diplomonads parabasalids euglenozoa

Question 40

SAR

Answer 40

stramenopila alveolata rhizaria

Question 41

stramenopila

Answer 41

brown algae diatoms oomycytes

Question 42

alveolata

Answer 42

dinoflagellates apicomplexans ciliates

Question 43

rhizaria

Answer 43

radiolaria foraminifera cercozoa

Question 44

archaeplastida

Answer 44

rhodophyta chlorophytes charophytes land plants

Question 45

amoebozoa

Answer 45

amoebozoans

Question 46

opisthokonta

Answer 46

fungi choanoflagella animals

Question 47

protists cell surface

Answer 47

plasma membrane (amoebas) extracellular matrix in some

Question 49

schizogony

Answer 49

cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions; produces several individuals

Question 50

Diplomads

Answer 50

EXCAVATA Unicellular, move w multiple flagella, 2 haploid nuclei Giardia - paraste

Question 51

Parabasalids

Answer 51

EXCAVATA undulating membrane for locomotion, semifunctional mitochondria trichomonas vaginalis - STD