biology exam 1

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

toward the head end of the body;

Question 2

anterior (ventral)

Answer 2

front

Question 3

medial

Answer 3

toward the middle or center

Question 4

lateral

Answer 4

a position away from the midline of the body

Question 5

intermediate

Answer 5

used to point to something that is between two structures

Question 6

ipsilateral

Answer 6

structures on the same side of the body or brain (left or right)

Question 7

contralateral

Answer 7

something happening on opposite sides of the body

Question 8

proximal

Answer 8

toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part

Question 9

distal

Answer 9

sites located away from a specific area, most often the center of the body.

Question 10

superficial

Answer 10

closer to the surface of the body.

Question 11

parietal

Answer 11

along the top and sides of the skull.

Question 12

visceral

Answer 12

which are the soft internal organs of the body, including the lungs, the heart, and the organs of the digestive, excretory, reproductive, and circulatory systems.

Question 13

what are the main body cavities?

Answer 13

the cranial cavity, the vertebral cavity, the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity

Question 14

plasma membrane

Answer 14

provides protection for a cell

Question 15

cytosol

Answer 15

contains dissolved nutrients, helps break down waste products, and moves material around the cell.

Question 16

nucleus

Answer 16

serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center.

Question 17

ribosomes

Answer 17

the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Question 18

golgi complex

Answer 18

prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell.

Question 19

lysosome

Answer 19

the digestive system of the cell

Question 20

peroxisome

Answer 20

carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen.

Question 21

mitochondria

Answer 21

which generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat.

Question 22

cytoskeleton

Answer 22

provides a structural framework for the cell

Question 23

flagella

Answer 23

enables movement

Question 24

cilia

Answer 24

move microbes and debris up and out of the airways

Question 25

centrosome

Answer 25

involved in the process of cell division

Question 26

centrioles

Answer 26

Organize microtubules

Question 27

cell inclusions

Answer 27

serve as storage compartments

Question 28

what are the phases of the mitosis

Answer 28

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and cytokinesis.

Question 29

what is happening during prophase

Answer 29

the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus

Question 30

what is happening during metaphase

Answer 30

the nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together,

Question 31

what is happening during anaphase

Answer 31

each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical, independent chromosomes.

Question 32

what is happening during telophase

Answer 32

a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

Question 33

what is happening during cytokinesis

Answer 33

The cell membrane pinches in at the cell equator, forming a cleft

Question 34

what are the 4 main types of tissues

Answer 34

connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Question 35

what are some functions of epithelial tissues

Answer 35

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

Question 36

what are the three functional classifications of exocrine glands?

Answer 36

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

Question 37

where do you find exocrine glands?

Answer 37

in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines

Question 38

what are some functions of connective tissues?

Answer 38

supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

Question 39

what are the 3 basic elements of connective tissue?

Answer 39

ground substance, fibers, and cells,

Question 40

name at least 4 types of connective tissues as well as their function and location

Answer 40

BLOOD, BONE CELLS, CARTILAGE and ADIPOSE

Question 41

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?

Answer 41

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

Question 42

what are the differences between the types of muscle tissue?

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures. Cardiac muscle contracts the heart to pump blood. The smooth muscle tissue that forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes shape to facilitate bodily functions.

Question 43

name the 5 layers of the epidermis

Answer 43

stratum basale.
stratum spinosum.
stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum.
stratum corneum.

Question 44

what are 2 parts of the dermis?

Answer 44

papillary and reticular dermis.

Question 45

4 types of bone cells

Answer 45

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteogenic cells

Question 46

function of osteoblasts

Answer 46

bone formation

Question 47

function of osteocytes

Answer 47

Known for the remodeling process of the bone

Question 48

function of osteoclasts

Answer 48

bone resorption

Question 49

function of osteogenic cells

Answer 49

develop into osteoblasts

Question 50

what makes up the axial skeleton

Answer 50

the bones in your skull, neck, ears, vertebrae, and rib cage

Question 51

what makes up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 51

the clavicles (collarbones) and the scapulae (shoulder blades).

Question 52

example of gliding joint

Answer 52

wrist

Question 53

example of hinge joint

Answer 53

elbow, knee

Question 54

example of condyloid joint

Answer 54

Hands

Question 55

example of ball and socket joint

Answer 55

shoulder