Biology Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What can cause enzymes (which are proteins) to denature?
A
Impromer homeostatis parameters if blood pH and body temperature.
2
Q
How could you describe the dependent variable?
A
Data is measured, plotted on the y-axis
3
Q
What are two structures in the body that afford more surface area for functionality?
A
- Alveoli
2. Cristae
4
Q
What is the smallest functional unit of a living organism?
A
A cell.
5
Q
What is smaller than a molecule?
A
A cell.
6
Q
Mulitiple _____ function similarly to make up tissues.
A
Cells
7
Q
Where is homeostasis maintained?
A
In the cells.
8
Q
______________ of blood is important.
A
pH homeostasis
9
Q
What is important in the alveoli, cristae, etc?
A
Surface area.
10
Q
How does your DNA become you? (Physically)
A
Protein synthesis.
11
Q
What is important for blood glucose levels?
A
Homeostasis.
12
Q
Glucose is small enough to enter a cell with the help of (facilitated by)
A
Insulin.
13
Q
Starch is classified as (large carbohydrate that can be digested into glucose)
A
A polysaccharide.
14
Q
What is needed to break down (catabolize) starch into glucose?
A
The enzyme amylase.
15
Q
Cellulose (a polysaccharide) can or cannot be digested?
A
Cannot be digested.
16
Q
What makes up our immune factors?
A
Proteins.
17
Q
What do proteins become if they are catabolized?
A
Amino acids.
18
Q
What are enzymes classified as?
A
Proteins
19
Q
What bond shares electrons?
A
A covalent bond.
20
Q
What bond is NaCl an example of?
A
Ionic bond.
21
Q
What bond are our tissues an example of?
A
Covalent bonds.
22
Q
Moving from 3 to 5 on the pH scale represents a change of ____ times hydrogen ion concentration.
A
100
23
Q
Is the pH scale positive or negative?
A
Negative
24
Q
What is the normal pH number of stomach acid
A
1 - 2 pH
25
What is the protective lining of the blood vessels?
Glycocalyx
26
The glycocalyx is abraided by eating too much ______ and _______.
Sugars, starches
27
DNA is comprised of ______.
AGTC
28
Where is DNA located in regards to cell organelles?
The nucleus.
29
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA.
30
What bond holds DNA together?
Hydrogen bonds.
31
How many electrons are in the valance shell of an atom?
Eight electrons.
32
How many electrons does an oxygen atom have in its valance shell?
six electrons.
33
If an oxygen atom has six electrons, what bond will it form to make a total of eight electrons with two hydrogen atoms?
Covalent bond.
34
Are electrons negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral?
Negatively charged.
35
What is an atom with a different number of neutrons called?
Isotope.
36
What does anabolic mean?
To build up.
37
What is needed in metabolism (biological process)?
Enzymes.
38
What does the suffix -lysis mean?
To split.
39
Why do we need oxygen?
Because if it’s electronegativity.
40
What is necessary to activate the nervous system?
Ions (ex: Na+).
41
What type of bond is used when water is bonded to another water molecule?
Hydrogen bond.
42
What does isotonic mean?
Equal concentrations across a membrane.
43
What is the lock and key saying in regards to biology?
Cell receptors are the lock, and specific molecules are the key.
44
Is the phospholipid bilayer semipermeable or not?
It is semipermeable.
45
What is known as the silent killer?
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure.
46
Would a blood cell in hypotonic solution shrink or swell?
It would shrink, and lose water.
47
Does water move toward or away from a hypertonic area?
Toward it.
48
What percentage of water are we made up of?
70%
49
What is a major form of cellular transport?
Osmosis.
50
What does more mitochondria mean?
More fitness.
51
How do mitochondria clone themselves?
Through binary fission.
52
What happens in the cells in response to acidity buildup from working out?
Mitochondria clone themselves.
53
What molecule helps control pH levels?
NAD.
54
What folds polypeptides into proteins?
The RER.
55
What process are centrioles involved in?
Mitosis/Cell division.
56
What organelle carries out cellular respiration?
The mitochondria.
57
If one is insulin resistant, what condition could it lead to?
Type 2 Diabetes.
58
What happens when enzymes denature?
They slow or stop performing metabolic processes.
59
When enzyme stop performing metabolic processes, what could this result in?
Disease or death.
60
Is surface area squared or cubed?
Squared.
61
If you were taking a bath in epsom salts, would you lose or gain water?
You would lose water from your body.
62
What two things do metabolic processes include?
1. Protein Synthesis
| 2. Cellular Respiration
63
What is needed due to its elctronegativity?
Oxygen.
64
Is insulin sensitivity or resistance healthy for a cell?
Insulin sensitivity.
65
What facilitates glucose into a cell?
Insulin.
66
Is facillitated diffusion active or passive transport?
Passive.
67
Is osmosis a type of active or passive transport?
Passive
68
What is the normal range of blood pH for it to be in homeostasis?
7.35 - 7.45
69
What performs metabolic processes that keep us alive?
Enzymes.
70
What comes from the elements C and O in the glucose molecule?
Carbon dioxide.
71
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
72
What is needed to pull down electrons in the ETC (Electron transport chain)
Oxygen.
73
Cells stay ______ because the surface area needs to be large enough to get nutrients in and waste out.
Small
74
What would happen if a cells volume increased too much?
Waste would be unable to get out since the plasma membrane would not be big enough to release them.
75
What is an important fuel source for cellular respiration?
Carbohydrates.
76
What is the smallest functional unit of life?
A cell.
77
What are enzymes, immune factors, and tissues an example of?
Proteins.
78
What is the condition that has these three symptoms:
- Blood pressure greater than 135/88mmHg
- TOFI
- Waist circumference greater than 34 inches
Metabolic Syndrome (Mets)
79
What chemical impedes an enzyme in the CAC so ATP cant be produced?
Arsenic
80
Cellular respiration is ________ in reverse.
Photosynthesis.
81
Where does the carbon dioxide we exhale originate from?
The glucose in the CAC.
82
Where is carbon dioxide given off from?
The CAC (citric acid cycle)
83
If one is anemic, what supplement should they take since they are deficient in it?
Iron (Fe2+)
84
Why do we imhale oxygen into the lungs?
To diffuse it into the blood for the mitochondria to use.
85
What haplens at the end of the ETC?
Oxygen joins with hydrogen, forming water.
86
What are the steps of cellular respiration in order?
Glycolysis, CAC, and the ETC.
87
Glucose enters the cell for cellular respiration because…
Insulin facilitates it in the cell.
88
Why is decarboxylase an important enzyme?
Hydrogen is extracted in the CAC.
89
The reactants of photosynthesis are…
The products of cellular respiration.
90
What is the burning sensation from working out intensely caused by?
H+ buildup (change in pH levels)
91
What 3 organelles are contained by both plant and animal cells?
1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosomes
92
What do mitochondria turn glucose into?
ATP.
93
What do the chloroplasts turn water and carbon dioxide into using sunlight?
Glucose and Oxygen.
94
Are plants heterotrophs or autotrophs?
Autotrophs.
95
What is chlorophyll?
A pigment.
96
True or false: plant cells do not have mitochondria
False.
97
What does the phloem do?
Transports nutrients to roots in a plant.
98
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and Oxygen.
99
Where does photosynthesis mainly occur?
The leaves of the plant.
100
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reactions (light)
| 2. The Calvin Cycle (dark)
101
What has to happen for photosynthesis to take place?
Chlorophyll has to absorb energy from sunlight.
102
Where does the Calvin Cycle (dark) take place?
The stroma.
103
Where do light-dependent reactions take place?
The granum.
104
True or false: We can see the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
False.
105
What is the energy and light determined by?
Its wavelength.
106
What do the different wavelengths (frequency) do to the visible light spectrum?
Creates different colors.
107
True or false: each color of the visible electromagnetic spectrum contains different amounts of energy.
True.
108
Blue on the visible spectrum is (low/high) in energy compared to orange.
High.
109
Gamma rays are (high/low) compared to radio waves.
High.
110
What absorbs energy (such as light) for plants?
Pigments such as chlorophyll.
111
What step in photosynthesis splits water?
Light-dependent reactions.
112
Photosystem II and Photosystem I are part of…
The light-dependent reactions.
113
What are light-dependent reaction similar to?
The ETC in the mitochondria.
114
What do light-dependent reactions create, and where is it sent to?
NADPH that is sent to the Calvin Cycle.
115
What does the carbon dioxide that a plant uses become?
Glucose.
116
What does the H2O that a plant uses turn into?
Oxygen.
117
What does the Calvin cycle use from light-dependent reactions to make glucose?
NADPH.
118
What is sent to the roots to be stored as starch and where does it come from?
Glucose from the leaves.
119
Can an autotroph or heterotroph carry out photosynthesis?
Autotroph.
120
What does the Calvin cycle need from the light-dependent reactions?
ATP and NADPH.
121
What is formed in the Calvin Cycle?
Glucose.
122
What is fixed into carbohydrates for life on earth?
Atmospheric Carbon.
123
What does carbon fixation require?
RuBisCo (RuBP)
124
What is turned into G3P and glucose?
Carbon dioxide.
125
What step of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur in?
The Calvin Cycle.
126
What is the most abundant protein on Earth?
RuBP.
127
______ produces approximately 70% of Earths oxygen?
Phytoplankton.
128
What is the primary area of photosynthesis?
The leaves.
129
What 5 things do plants provide us with
1. Lumber
2. Paper
3. Clothes
4. Food
5. Fiber
130
What type of reaction does a plant go through to bond glucose together to form starch?
Anabolic reaction.
131
The building up of _________ over a phosplippid by layer is necessary to make ATP in both plants and animals
Hydrogens.
132
What transfers carbon dioxide and oxygen in plants?
The stomata.
133
What are the tubes that take water to the leaves?
The xylem.
