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Intro To Biology > Biology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Biology Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What can cause enzymes (which are proteins) to denature?

A

Impromer homeostatis parameters if blood pH and body temperature.

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2
Q

How could you describe the dependent variable?

A

Data is measured, plotted on the y-axis

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3
Q

What are two structures in the body that afford more surface area for functionality?

A
  1. Alveoli

2. Cristae

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4
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of a living organism?

A

A cell.

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5
Q

What is smaller than a molecule?

A

A cell.

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6
Q

Mulitiple _____ function similarly to make up tissues.

A

Cells

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7
Q

Where is homeostasis maintained?

A

In the cells.

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8
Q

______________ of blood is important.

A

pH homeostasis

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9
Q

What is important in the alveoli, cristae, etc?

A

Surface area.

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10
Q

How does your DNA become you? (Physically)

A

Protein synthesis.

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11
Q

What is important for blood glucose levels?

A

Homeostasis.

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12
Q

Glucose is small enough to enter a cell with the help of (facilitated by)

A

Insulin.

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13
Q

Starch is classified as (large carbohydrate that can be digested into glucose)

A

A polysaccharide.

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14
Q

What is needed to break down (catabolize) starch into glucose?

A

The enzyme amylase.

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15
Q

Cellulose (a polysaccharide) can or cannot be digested?

A

Cannot be digested.

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16
Q

What makes up our immune factors?

A

Proteins.

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17
Q

What do proteins become if they are catabolized?

A

Amino acids.

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18
Q

What are enzymes classified as?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What bond shares electrons?

A

A covalent bond.

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20
Q

What bond is NaCl an example of?

A

Ionic bond.

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21
Q

What bond are our tissues an example of?

A

Covalent bonds.

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22
Q

Moving from 3 to 5 on the pH scale represents a change of ____ times hydrogen ion concentration.

A

100

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23
Q

Is the pH scale positive or negative?

A

Negative

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24
Q

What is the normal pH number of stomach acid

A

1 - 2 pH

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25
Q

What is the protective lining of the blood vessels?

A

Glycocalyx

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26
Q

The glycocalyx is abraided by eating too much ______ and _______.

A

Sugars, starches

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27
Q

DNA is comprised of ______.

A

AGTC

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28
Q

Where is DNA located in regards to cell organelles?

A

The nucleus.

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29
Q

What are two examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA.

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30
Q

What bond holds DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

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31
Q

How many electrons are in the valance shell of an atom?

A

Eight electrons.

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32
Q

How many electrons does an oxygen atom have in its valance shell?

A

six electrons.

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33
Q

If an oxygen atom has six electrons, what bond will it form to make a total of eight electrons with two hydrogen atoms?

A

Covalent bond.

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34
Q

Are electrons negatively charged, positively charged, or neutral?

A

Negatively charged.

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35
Q

What is an atom with a different number of neutrons called?

A

Isotope.

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36
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A

To build up.

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37
Q

What is needed in metabolism (biological process)?

A

Enzymes.

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38
Q

What does the suffix -lysis mean?

A

To split.

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39
Q

Why do we need oxygen?

A

Because if it’s electronegativity.

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40
Q

What is necessary to activate the nervous system?

A

Ions (ex: Na+).

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41
Q

What type of bond is used when water is bonded to another water molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond.

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42
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Equal concentrations across a membrane.

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43
Q

What is the lock and key saying in regards to biology?

A

Cell receptors are the lock, and specific molecules are the key.

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44
Q

Is the phospholipid bilayer semipermeable or not?

A

It is semipermeable.

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45
Q

What is known as the silent killer?

A

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure.

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46
Q

Would a blood cell in hypotonic solution shrink or swell?

A

It would shrink, and lose water.

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47
Q

Does water move toward or away from a hypertonic area?

A

Toward it.

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48
Q

What percentage of water are we made up of?

A

70%

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49
Q

What is a major form of cellular transport?

A

Osmosis.

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50
Q

What does more mitochondria mean?

A

More fitness.

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51
Q

How do mitochondria clone themselves?

A

Through binary fission.

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52
Q

What happens in the cells in response to acidity buildup from working out?

A

Mitochondria clone themselves.

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53
Q

What molecule helps control pH levels?

A

NAD.

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54
Q

What folds polypeptides into proteins?

A

The RER.

55
Q

What process are centrioles involved in?

A

Mitosis/Cell division.

56
Q

What organelle carries out cellular respiration?

A

The mitochondria.

57
Q

If one is insulin resistant, what condition could it lead to?

A

Type 2 Diabetes.

58
Q

What happens when enzymes denature?

A

They slow or stop performing metabolic processes.

59
Q

When enzyme stop performing metabolic processes, what could this result in?

A

Disease or death.

60
Q

Is surface area squared or cubed?

A

Squared.

61
Q

If you were taking a bath in epsom salts, would you lose or gain water?

A

You would lose water from your body.

62
Q

What two things do metabolic processes include?

A
  1. Protein Synthesis

2. Cellular Respiration

63
Q

What is needed due to its elctronegativity?

A

Oxygen.

64
Q

Is insulin sensitivity or resistance healthy for a cell?

A

Insulin sensitivity.

65
Q

What facilitates glucose into a cell?

A

Insulin.

66
Q

Is facillitated diffusion active or passive transport?

A

Passive.

67
Q

Is osmosis a type of active or passive transport?

A

Passive

68
Q

What is the normal range of blood pH for it to be in homeostasis?

A

7.35 - 7.45

69
Q

What performs metabolic processes that keep us alive?

A

Enzymes.

70
Q

What comes from the elements C and O in the glucose molecule?

A

Carbon dioxide.

71
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

72
Q

What is needed to pull down electrons in the ETC (Electron transport chain)

A

Oxygen.

73
Q

Cells stay ______ because the surface area needs to be large enough to get nutrients in and waste out.

A

Small

74
Q

What would happen if a cells volume increased too much?

A

Waste would be unable to get out since the plasma membrane would not be big enough to release them.

75
Q

What is an important fuel source for cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates.

76
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of life?

A

A cell.

77
Q

What are enzymes, immune factors, and tissues an example of?

A

Proteins.

78
Q

What is the condition that has these three symptoms:

  • Blood pressure greater than 135/88mmHg
  • TOFI
  • Waist circumference greater than 34 inches
A

Metabolic Syndrome (Mets)

79
Q

What chemical impedes an enzyme in the CAC so ATP cant be produced?

A

Arsenic

80
Q

Cellular respiration is ________ in reverse.

A

Photosynthesis.

81
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide we exhale originate from?

A

The glucose in the CAC.

82
Q

Where is carbon dioxide given off from?

A

The CAC (citric acid cycle)

83
Q

If one is anemic, what supplement should they take since they are deficient in it?

A

Iron (Fe2+)

84
Q

Why do we imhale oxygen into the lungs?

A

To diffuse it into the blood for the mitochondria to use.

85
Q

What haplens at the end of the ETC?

A

Oxygen joins with hydrogen, forming water.

86
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration in order?

A

Glycolysis, CAC, and the ETC.

87
Q

Glucose enters the cell for cellular respiration because…

A

Insulin facilitates it in the cell.

88
Q

Why is decarboxylase an important enzyme?

A

Hydrogen is extracted in the CAC.

89
Q

The reactants of photosynthesis are…

A

The products of cellular respiration.

90
Q

What is the burning sensation from working out intensely caused by?

A

H+ buildup (change in pH levels)

91
Q

What 3 organelles are contained by both plant and animal cells?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Ribosomes
92
Q

What do mitochondria turn glucose into?

A

ATP.

93
Q

What do the chloroplasts turn water and carbon dioxide into using sunlight?

A

Glucose and Oxygen.

94
Q

Are plants heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs.

95
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A pigment.

96
Q

True or false: plant cells do not have mitochondria

A

False.

97
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Transports nutrients to roots in a plant.

98
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen.

99
Q

Where does photosynthesis mainly occur?

A

The leaves of the plant.

100
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light-dependent reactions (light)

2. The Calvin Cycle (dark)

101
Q

What has to happen for photosynthesis to take place?

A

Chlorophyll has to absorb energy from sunlight.

102
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle (dark) take place?

A

The stroma.

103
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions take place?

A

The granum.

104
Q

True or false: We can see the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

A

False.

105
Q

What is the energy and light determined by?

A

Its wavelength.

106
Q

What do the different wavelengths (frequency) do to the visible light spectrum?

A

Creates different colors.

107
Q

True or false: each color of the visible electromagnetic spectrum contains different amounts of energy.

A

True.

108
Q

Blue on the visible spectrum is (low/high) in energy compared to orange.

A

High.

109
Q

Gamma rays are (high/low) compared to radio waves.

A

High.

110
Q

What absorbs energy (such as light) for plants?

A

Pigments such as chlorophyll.

111
Q

What step in photosynthesis splits water?

A

Light-dependent reactions.

112
Q

Photosystem II and Photosystem I are part of…

A

The light-dependent reactions.

113
Q

What are light-dependent reaction similar to?

A

The ETC in the mitochondria.

114
Q

What do light-dependent reactions create, and where is it sent to?

A

NADPH that is sent to the Calvin Cycle.

115
Q

What does the carbon dioxide that a plant uses become?

A

Glucose.

116
Q

What does the H2O that a plant uses turn into?

A

Oxygen.

117
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use from light-dependent reactions to make glucose?

A

NADPH.

118
Q

What is sent to the roots to be stored as starch and where does it come from?

A

Glucose from the leaves.

119
Q

Can an autotroph or heterotroph carry out photosynthesis?

A

Autotroph.

120
Q

What does the Calvin cycle need from the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH.

121
Q

What is formed in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Glucose.

122
Q

What is fixed into carbohydrates for life on earth?

A

Atmospheric Carbon.

123
Q

What does carbon fixation require?

A

RuBisCo (RuBP)

124
Q

What is turned into G3P and glucose?

A

Carbon dioxide.

125
Q

What step of photosynthesis does carbon fixation occur in?

A

The Calvin Cycle.

126
Q

What is the most abundant protein on Earth?

A

RuBP.

127
Q

______ produces approximately 70% of Earths oxygen?

A

Phytoplankton.

128
Q

What is the primary area of photosynthesis?

A

The leaves.

129
Q

What 5 things do plants provide us with

A
  1. Lumber
  2. Paper
  3. Clothes
  4. Food
  5. Fiber
130
Q

What type of reaction does a plant go through to bond glucose together to form starch?

A

Anabolic reaction.

131
Q

The building up of _________ over a phosplippid by layer is necessary to make ATP in both plants and animals

A

Hydrogens.

132
Q

What transfers carbon dioxide and oxygen in plants?

A

The stomata.

133
Q

What are the tubes that take water to the leaves?

A

The xylem.

Intro To Biology (1 decks)

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