Biology Essay Flashcards
The membranes of different types of cells are involved in
many different functions
Membrane function as selectively permeable barrier
Transport mechanisms acrossmembranes
Absorption and co-transport of sodium ions and glucose
Photosynthesis, chloroplast, thylakoids
Respiration, mitochondrion and cristae
Protein secretion, RER, SER and Golgi
Surface receptors/antigen and immune response
Cell division
Vertical and horizontal transmission – membranes and
bacteria
Pacinian corpuscle
Tropisms – movement of IAA
Nerve impulses/action potentials
Synaptic transmission
Muscle contraction, calcium ion movement/storage
Hormones - eg Blood glucose regulation – insulin and glucagon
Osmosis, including water
movement in plants
There are many different types of relationships and
interactions between organisms
Pathogens and effects on host
Cholera
TB
Taxonomy
Classification and evolution
Inheritance and evolution
Genetic code, universal
Behaviour
Populations and evolution, variation between individuals within a species
Relationships within ecosystems– eg predator/prey
Energy transfer in ecosystems
Nutrient cycles, the organisms involved
Succession, biodiversity, species and individuals in a community
Human impacts on the environment and its effect on
relationships between organisms –including farming
Gene technology and GMO and selective breeding
Antibiotic resistance
Cells and organisms carry out exchanges with their external environment to maintain their internal environment
Homeostasis (concept of)
Digestion and absorption
Cells
Lung function
Gas exchange
Passage of water through plant
Nutrient cycles
Response to stimuli
Neurones
Temperature control
Tissue fluid and its formation
Control of blood glucose concentration
Negative feedback
Gene expression
How energy is transferred within and between organisms
Photosynthesis
Energy transfer through ecosystems
Food production
Digestion (as in fuel)
Absorption (by cells)
Mass transport
Respiration
ATP
Stimuli and responses
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulses
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and
organisms
Proteins & Enzymes:
Enzyme properties and
digestion
Protein structure
Plasma membrane structure and cell transport
Antigens, antibodies, B cells & T cells
Vaccines
Nucleic Acids: Structure of DNA DNA Replication (not PCR) Transcription & translation Transcriptional factors,oestrogen, siRNA Restriction enzymes
Physiology: Haemoglobin Action potentials & synaptic transmission Muscle contraction Control of blood glucose concentration Control of mammalian oestrous cycle
How bacteria can affect the lives of humans and other
organisms
Bacteria & Disease: Pathogens Lactose intolerance Cholera Tuberculosis Resistance to antibiotics
Ecological Importance:
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Eutrophication
Making Use of Bacteria:
Use of bacterial enzymes eg restriction endonuclease, DNA polymerase for PCR
Use of bacterial plasmids eg in vivo gene
cloning, genetically-modified crops, gene therapy
Use of bacteria to produce useful chemicals
Using DNA in science and technology
DNA and classification: Structure of DNA Differences in DNA lead to genetic diversity Comparison of DNA base sequences DNA hybridisation
Genetic engineering and making useful substances: Plasmids The use of recombinant DNA to produce transformed organisms that benefit humans
Other uses of DNA:
Cell cycle and treatment of cancer
Gene therapy
Medical diagnosis and the treatment of human disease
The use of DNA probes to screen patients for clinically
important genes
A cycle is a biological pathway or process in which the
end product of one cycle becomes the starting point for the next.
Write an essay about cycles in biology
Ecological cycles
Nutrient cycles
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Biochemical cycles
Enzyme action
Synthesis of ATP from ADP
Light-independent reaction
The Krebs cycle
Physiological and genetic cycles
The mechanism of breathing
The cardiac cycle
The cell cycle
Muscle contraction
Oestrous cycle
A carbon dioxide may affect organisms directly or indirectly.
Describe and explain these effects
Carbon dioxide affects the physiology
of organisms:
Pulmonary ventilation and the mechanism of breathing
Light-independent reaction of photosynthesis. Limiting
factors
Role of chemoreceptors in controlling heart rate
The direct effects of increasing
carbon dioxide concentration:
Respiration, photosynthesis and human activity giving rise
to short-term fluctuations and long-term change.
Yield of crop plants
Carbon cycle
Indirect effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration:
Role of carbon dioxide in producing global warming
Life cycles and number ofinsect pests
Distribution of animals and plants
Effect of temperature on enzymes
The causes of disease in humans
Pathogens:
Pathogens include bacteria, viruses and fungi
Pathogens cause disease by damaging cells and producing toxins
Cholera bacteria produce toxins resulting in diarrhoea
Symptoms and transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis
Horizontal gene transmission and MRSA
Lifestyle:
Risk factors associated with cancer and coronary heart
disease
The effects of fibrosis, asthma and emphysema on lung
function
The biological basis of heart disease
Genetics:
Differences in bases may lead to non-functional enzymes
Relationship between the cell cycle and cancer
Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes
Gene mutations
The movement of substances within living organisms
Osmosis
Across cell membranes
Movement of water/mineral ions in plants
Enzymes, kinetic energy and reactions
Gut and absorption
DNA Transcription and translation
Mitosis and Meiosis
Sperm and fertilisation
Blood vessels and heart
Exchange in capillaries
Electron transport
Nerve impulses/action potential
Synapses
Muscle contraction
Alveolar gas exchange
Translocation
Photosynthesis
Kidneys
Cycles in Biology
Large and small biological molecules, condensation and
hydrolysis
Enzymes
Cell cycle – Mitosis and meiosis
PCR
Mammalian blood circulation
Calvin cycle
Krebs cycle
ATP and ADP
Negative feedback
Nitrogen cycle
Carbon cycle
Menstrual cycle
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulses
Predator prey
Electron transport chain
Ions and organisms
Osmosis and turgor
Haemoglobin dissociation, pH and carbon dioxide
Uptake/movement of water/mineral ions by/in plants
Ions in biological molecules
Hydrogen, photosynthesis and respiration
Anaerobic respiration and lactate
Nerve impulses and synaptic transmission
Regulation of blood water potential/kidney function
Muscle contraction
Nitrogen cycle
Eutrophication
Movement across membranes
Cystic fibrosis
DNA and the transfer of information
Genes/how information is carried on DNA
Replication of DNA
Cell division - Mitosis and meiosis
Transcription and translation
Mutation
Genetic engineering
Gene therapy
Genetically modified organisms
Variation (in populations)
Evolution
Inheritance
The part played by the movement of substances across cell membranes in the functioning of different organs and organ systems
Plasma membranes and movement across
Gaseous exchange system/lungs
Digestive system/small intestine
Blood vascular system
Transpiration/root/stem
Mass flow/leaf/stem
Nervous system/eye
Excretory system/kidney
Muscle systems
Liver, blood glucose
Root mineral ions
Lungs cystic fibrosis
