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biology- ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Deciduous Forests

A

Found in the southern and eastern parts of canada
dominated by trees
highest biodiversity
songbirds hawks rabbits

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2
Q

Boreal Forests

A

found north of the deciduous forests most of northern ontario covered with boreal forests relatively low biodiversity
woodpeckers, hawks, moose

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3
Q

tundra

A

found in the artic
ontarios Northern coastline on hudson bay to the west of james bay
no trees, only shrubs
lowest biodiversity
artic fox, caribou, ox

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4
Q

grasslands

A

eastern Manitoba to the rocky mountains
The praries: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
very few in ontario
covered in various kinds of grass barely any trees
mice, voles, bison

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5
Q

Temperate coniferous forests

A

western British Columbia
high precipitation
warm, wet summers and mild winters
vultures, bears, lynx

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6
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

Marine- high salt content
ocean, coral reefs, ocean floor
hudson bay, james bay
freshwater- very low salt content
lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands
great lakes, st.lawrence river

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7
Q

population

A

a population is the number of members of a species in the same areas or habitat

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8
Q

equilibrium

A

equiilibrium is when the number of births equals the number of deaths in a population

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9
Q

carrying capacity

A

carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support without reducing its ability to support future generations of the same species

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10
Q

limiting factors

A

limiting factors prevent an increase in the number of organisms in a population or prevents them from moving between habitats

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11
Q

factors affecting population size

A

Abiotic factors
amounts of…
-sunlight
-water
-air
-soil
natural disturbances
-storms
-fire
-drought
human disturbances
-logging

Biotic factors
-competition among organisms for resources
-presence of predators
-reliance on other organisms for survival
-presence of disease causing organisms

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12
Q

competition

A

competition is an interaction between two or more organisms competing for the same reasources in a given habitat (raccoons and ravens feed on the same egg)

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13
Q

predation

A

predation is one organism eating another organism to obtain food (wolf and rabbit)

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14
Q

symbiosis

A

symbiosis is a close interaction between two different species in which members of one species live in, on, or near members of another species

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15
Q

mutualism

A

mutualism is a type of symbiosis in which both species benefit from the symbiotic partnership

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16
Q

commensalism

A

commensalism is a type of symbiosis in which one species benefits from the relationship without hanging or helping other species (bird trees)

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17
Q

parasitism

A

parasitism is a type of symbiosis in which one species benefits from the relationship at the expense of the other species (ticks and animals)

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18
Q

species

A

a group of similar organisms in an ecosystem. members of the same species can reproduce visible offspring

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19
Q

community

A

made up of different species that live and interact in an area

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20
Q

niche

A

all the interactions of a given species within it’s ecosystem

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21
Q

ecosystem

A

an ecosystem is a complex self-regulating system in which living things interact with each other and with non living things
abiotic is non living factors or influences on organisms
biotic factors caused by the presence and roles of other living things

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22
Q

Abiotic

A

non living factors or influences on organisms
amount of light
temperature
strength and direction of wind
rocks

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23
Q

biotic

A

factors caused by the presence and roles of other living things
competition for space, mates, and food

24
Q

biodiversity

A

is the number of different types or variety of organisms in an area

25
Q

lithosphere

A

earths solid, outer layer
100km down the surface
includes the soil

26
Q

hydrosphere

A

all of the water on earth
97% salt water
3% fresh water

27
Q

atmosphere

A

layer of gases surrounding earth
lower atmosphere- contains oxygen needed to survive
upper atmosphere- contains oxygen called ozone

28
Q

biosphere

A

where life exists
includes land water and air made up of all of the spheres

29
Q

ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

30
Q

producers

A

organisms that carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy

31
Q

consumers

A

organisms that eat other organisms to obtain energy

32
Q

primary consumers

A

always eat producers

33
Q

secondary consumers

A

feed on primary consumers

34
Q

tertiary consumers

A

feed on secondary consumers

35
Q

herbivores

A

eat only plants

36
Q

carnivores

A

eat manly meat

37
Q

omnivores

A

eat both plants and animals

38
Q

scavengers

A

are a type of carnivores that eats the remains

39
Q

detritivores

A

feed on organic matter

40
Q

decomposers

A

break down organic matter and release nutrients back into the ecosystem

41
Q

food chains

A

show the feeding among organisms starting with a producer

42
Q

food webs

A

show complicated feeding relationships interconnected food chains

43
Q

energy pyramids

A

60% cannot be accessed
30% is used for cellular processes
10% of energy is used ti make body tissues such as bones, muscle, and fat
only 10% of the energy an animal eats gets passed on to the animal that eats it
90% is lost at each transfer
energy pyramids show the amount of available energy the producers and consumers contain as energy flows through ecosystems

44
Q

energy pyramids example

A

sun- 100 000 J
producer- 10 000 J
primary- 1 000 J
secondary- 100 J
tertiary- 10 J

45
Q

photosynthesis

A

a small fraction of sunlight that reaches earth is absorbed by chlorophyll which is then used for all the processes in their cells
almost all of the oxygen in the atmosphere was produced through photosynthesis
is an essential process

46
Q

photosynthesis example

A

carbon dioxide+ water+ sunlight- glucose+oxygen

47
Q

cellular respiration

A

is the process used to obtain energy from glucose

48
Q

cellular respiration example

A

glucose+ oxygen-carbon dioxide+water+energy

49
Q

Carbon cycle

A

carbon dioxide makes up 0.04% of the gases in the atmosphere but it is where all the plants get the carbon they need to grow
carbon reservoirs include:
world’s forest (biotic)
fossil fuels (abiotic)
oceans (abiotic)

50
Q

nutrients

A

substance that an organism uses to build and repair the cells of its body
made up of elements
95% of our bodies are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

51
Q

nutrient cycle

A

the process of moving the nutrient back and forth between the biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystem
any place where matter accumulates is called a reservoir

52
Q

water cycle

A

water moves in a cycle it has no beginning or end
the sun heats the water and it evaporates
as it cools it condenses forming clouds
falls to earth as precipitation
hits the ground it runs-off or collects in streams
some water may soak through soil (seepage) and collect in underground lakes called aquifers
water taken up by plants can be released back into the atmosphere by transpiration
SEE DIAGRAM

53
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

all organisms need nitrogen to make proteins
makes up 78% of the atmosphere
nitrogen gas must be converted into ammonia through nitrogen fixation
when animals digest nitrate a byproduct is ammonia- which is toxic to animals
bacteria and fungi break down the ammonia from waste and dead organisms and convert into nitrates and nitrides
can be absorbed by plants
denitrifying bacteria in the soil converts nitrate back into nitrogen gas which returns to the atmosphere
SEE DIAGRAM

54
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A
  1. nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil
    converts nitrogen into ammonia N2- NH2
  2. nitrogen fixing bacteria in plants
    legumes have nodules on their roots that house nitrogen fixing bacteria
    convert nitrogen to nitrate N2- NO3-
  3. lightning
    combines nitrogen gas and oxygen in the atmosphere to make nitrate N2AO2=No3
    1% of the worlds nitrogen fixation
55
Q

PRACTICE AP QUESTIONS

A

science (1 decks)

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