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Biology done b.1,b.4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What has Eukaryotic cells animals and plants or bacteria

A

animas and plants

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2
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

simple cells found in bacteria

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3
Q

What’s the job of the nucleus

A

contains DNA in the form of chromosomes that control the cells activity

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4
Q

What’s cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen

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5
Q

What’s the job of the mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration and contain the enzymes needed for the reactions involved

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6
Q

What’s the cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out they also contain receptor molecules that are used for cell communication

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7
Q

What’s ribosomes

A

where proteins mad in the cell

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8
Q

What’s the cell wall made out of and what’s its job

A

made of cellulose and gives support for the cell

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9
Q

What’s the job of the chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs. they contain called chlorophyll

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10
Q

What’s the difference between the DNA storage in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells is one long circular chromosome and other floats free in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What are plasmids

A

small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome

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12
Q

What do plasmids contain

A

they contain genes for things like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria

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13
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a cell wall

A

they do it supports the cell membrane

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14
Q

What do light microscopes let us see

A

bacteria and mitochondria and nuclei and chloroplast

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15
Q

What’s the job of the eyepiece on a light microscope

A

to look through and magnify image

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16
Q

What do electron microscopes let us see

A

things smaller than a light microscopes and giving us a better understanding of sub cellular structure

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17
Q

What’s the job of the objective lens

A

magnifies the image it usually has 3 objective lenses x4, x10 and x40

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18
Q

What’s the job of the stage

A

support the slide

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19
Q

What’s the job of the clip

A

hold the slide in place

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20
Q

What’s the job of the lamp

A

shine light through the slide

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21
Q

What’s the job of the focussing knobs

A

move the stage up and down to bring image into focus

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22
Q

What’s the formula to get the total magnification

A

total magnification= eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

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23
Q

What’s the formula for magnification

A

magnification = image size ÷ real size

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24
Q

What’s DNA

A

the chemical that makes up the genetic material of organisms

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25
Q

What are chromosomes

A

long molecules of coiled up DNA.

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26
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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27
Q

What are genes

A

a section of DNA which controls part of a cell’s chemistry - particularly protein production

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28
Q

How many bases does DNA have

A

4

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29
Q

What are DNAs bases

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

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30
Q

What are the pairs if the bases

A

A and T
C and G

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31
Q

What’s RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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32
Q

What’s nucleotide

A

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA

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33
Q

What does sugar and phosphate do

A

joins together nucleotides in a DNA sequence

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34
Q

What are polymers

A

they are long chains of monomers joined together

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35
Q

What are monomers

A

small molecular units

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36
Q

DNA is a polymer made up of nucleotide monomers
TRUE or FALSE

A

true

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37
Q

What’s metabolism

A

reactions occurring in the cell like photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis

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38
Q

Are enzymes biological catalysts
True or False

A

true

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39
Q

What would raising the temperature do to enzymes

A

speed up reactions

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40
Q

Why is rising the temperature bad for enzymes

A

it speeds up unwanted reactions and it would damage the cells

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41
Q

How many reactions have there own enzymes

A

Every one

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42
Q

What do chemical reactions involve

A

things being split apart or joined together

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43
Q

What’s a substrate

A

the molecule changed in the reaction

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44
Q

What happens in the enzymes active site

A

the part it joins to its substrate to catalyze the reaction

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45
Q

How many substrates do enzymes USUALLY work with

A

1
they have a high specificity for there substrate

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46
Q

What’s the lock key hypothesis for enzymes

A

The enzyme has a specific active site that fits the substrate exactly just like a key fits into a specific lock

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47
Q

The steps of the lock and key hypothesis (enzymes)

A
  1. Enzyme and Substrate Encounter
    The enzyme’s active site (the “lock”) has a specific shape that matches the shape of the substrate (the “key”).
    The substrate approaches the enzyme.
  2. Formation of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex
    The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex.
    This interaction is highly specific, as only the correct substrate can fit into the enzyme’s active site.
  3. Catalysis
    The enzyme catalyzes the reaction, converting the substrate into the product(s).
    This occurs while the substrate is bound to the enzyme, often by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.
  4. Release of Product(s)
    Once the reaction is complete, the product(s) no longer fit the active site and are released.
    The enzyme remains unchanged and is free to catalyze another reaction with a new substrate.
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48
Q

What does changing the temperature do to an enzyme controlled reaction

A

changes the rate of it

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49
Q

Why does increasing the temperature increase the rate if an enzme reaction

A

the substrates move about more so are more likely to meet up and react

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50
Q

What happens to enzymes bonds if the temperature get to hot

A

they break

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51
Q

What does denatured mean with enzymes

A

it looses its shape and the substrate doesn’t fit the active sight any more

52
Q

What does denaturing result in for the reaction

A

it can’t be catalysed and the reaction stoped

53
Q

Is denaturing for enzymes reversible

A

no so even if you cool it down again it won’t return to original shape

54
Q

Do enzymes have an optimal temperature

A

yes they do this is the temperature where the reaction is at its fastest

55
Q

Wasted the optimum temperature for enzymes in humans

A

37 degrees c

56
Q

What does the pH affect in enzymes

A

If to high or low this interferes with the bonds this changes the shaper of the activation site

57
Q

What’s the activation sight

A

the part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule binds and a chemical reaction occurs

58
Q

What’s the optimum pH for most enzymes

A

pH of 7 however not all work best at this pH

59
Q

What does increasing the concentration of enzyme molecules do to the rate of reaction and why

A

increase the ror as its more likely a substrate will meet one and join with it

60
Q

Does the concentration of enzyme molecules up to one point and why

A

it only increases the rate of reaction to a certain point as there are more substrate molecules than the enzymes can cope with meaning that the active sites are full so adding more makes no difference

61
Q

What’s respiration

A

the process of transfering energy from the breakdown of glucose

62
Q

Where does respiration happen

A

in cells all the time

63
Q

How id the energy transferred by respiration used

A

makes a substance called ATP

64
Q

What does ATP do

A

it stores the energy required for cell processes and releases it

65
Q

What is respiration controlled by

A

enzymes

66
Q

What can affect respiration if it is controlled by enzymes

A

temperature and pH

67
Q

is respiration an exo or endothermic reaction

A

exothermic

68
Q

Why is respiration for an exothermic reaction

A

it transfers heat to the environment by heat

69
Q

How can cells respire

A

using glucose as a substrate but organisms can also breakdown other organic molecules to use as substrates for respiration

70
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

where there is plenty of oxygen available to be used

71
Q

How much ATP does aerobic respiration produce

A

32 molecules per molecules of glucose

72
Q

What’s the equation for aerobic respiration (word and symbol)

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

73
Q

What’s anaerobic respiration

A

a chemical process that occurs in cells when food is broken down to produce energy without oxygen

74
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration

A

it transfers less energy per glucose molecule

75
Q

How much ATP does anaerobic respiration create

A

2 molecules of ATP are produced

76
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration in animals and why does this happen

A

In anaerobic respiration, glucose is partially broken down to produce lactic acid. This happens when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles

77
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose → Lactic Acid
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + energy

78
Q

Why do muscles become fatigued during vigorous exercise

A

Lactic acid builds up in the muscles, causing pain and muscle fatigue

79
Q

What is an oxygen debt

A

Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen required to break down lactic acid after exercise. This is why you breathe hard after stopping vigorous activity

80
Q

What is the advantage of anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration allows the muscles to keep working when oxygen is limited

81
Q

What’s an example of where plants will anaerobicly respire

A

waterlogged soil

82
Q

What is an example of a fungi that anaerobicly respire

A

yeast

83
Q

Products of aerobic respiration

A

Carbon dioxide and water

84
Q

Products of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

lactic acid

85
Q

Products of anaerobic respiration in some fungi

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

86
Q

What can be broken down so that energy can be transferred to ATP through respiration

A

carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

87
Q

Carbohydrates molecules contain what elements

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

88
Q

Examples of monomers that carbohydrates are made up of

A

glucose and fructose molecules

89
Q

How can the polymer molecules be broken back to sugars

A

when the chemical bonds between the monomers are broken

90
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down in the body

A

enzymes in the mouth and the small intestine

91
Q

Why are proteins polymers

A

because they are made up of long chains of monomers

92
Q

What monomers are proteins made up of

A

amino acids

93
Q

What atoms do amino acids contain

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen

94
Q

What are lipids

A

fats and oils

95
Q

What are lipids made up of

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

96
Q

What is glycerol

A

a colorless, odorless, viscous, liquid, polyol compound

97
Q

Why aren’t lipids polymers

A

because they do not form a long chain of repeating units

98
Q

What atoms do lipids contain

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

99
Q

How are lipids broken down in the body

A

enzymes in the small intestine

100
Q

How does photosynthesis happen

A

Light absorption
Chlorophyll, a green substance in chloroplasts, absorbs light energy from the sun.
Water splitting
Energy is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The plant releases the oxygen as a waste product.
Carbon dioxide fixation
Hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to make glucose.
Chemical energy storage
The glucose is converted into other substances, like starch and plant oils, which store energy. The plant can release this energy through respiration.

101
Q

What is some of the glucose made in photosynthesis used for

A

to make more complex molecules that allow the plant or algae to grow

102
Q

photosynthesis word and symbol equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water → oxygen + glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

103
Q

Is photosynthesis an end or exothermic reaction

A

endothermic because energy is transferred from the environment during it

104
Q

What are the 2 main stages of photosynthesis

A

energy transferred by light the energy is then used to split water into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions
Carbon dioxide gas then combines the hydrogen ions to make glucose

105
Q

What are the two factors of recycling materials in an ecosystem

A

abiotic and biotic

106
Q

How do living things recycle elements in the atmosphere (step by step)

A

1)
Living things are made of elements they take from the environment.
For example, plants take in carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
2)
They turn these elements into the complex compounds (carbohydrates, proteins and fate) that make up living organisms. These are taken in by animals when they eat the plants.
3)
The elements are recycled — they return to the environment (e.g. soil or air) through waste products or when organisms die, ready to be used by new plants and put back into the food chain.
4)
Dead organisms and waste products decay because they’re broken down by decomposers (usually microorganisms) — that’s how the elements get put back into the soil.

107
Q

The cabin cycle (step by step)

A

1) There’s only one arrow going down from CO2, in the air. The whole thing is ‘powered” by photosynthesis.
Green plants use the carbon from CO2, in the air to make carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
2)
Eating passes the carbon compounds in the plant along to animals that eat them.
3) Both plant and animal respiration while the organisms are alive releases CO2, back into the air.
4) Plants and animals eventually die and decompose, or are killed and turned into useful products.
5) When plants and animals decompose they’re broken down by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi These decomposers release CO2, back into the air by respiration, as they break down the material.
6) Some useful plant and animal products, e.g. wood and fossil fuels, are burned (combustion).
This also releases CO2
back into the air.
7) Decomposition of materials means that habitats can be maintained for the organisms that live there. e.g. nutrients are returned to the soil and waste material, such as dead leaves, doesn’t just pile up.

108
Q

The nitrogen cycle

A

1)
The atmosphere contains 78% nitrogen gas, N2. This is very unreactive and so it can’t be used directly by plants or animals. Nitrogen is needed for making proteins for growth, so living organisms have to get it somehow.
2) Plants get their nitrogen from the soil, so nitrogen in the air has to be turned into nitrates before plants can use it. Nitrogen compounds are then passed along food chains as animals eat plants (and each other).
3)
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi in the soil) break down proteins in rotting plants and animals, and urea in animal waste, into ammonia, which goes on to form ammonium ions. This returns the nitrogen compounds to the soil - so the nitrogen in these organisms is recycled.
4) Nitrogen fixation is the process of turning from the air into nitrogen compounds
in the soil which plants can use.
There are two main ways that this happens:
a) Lightning — there’s so much energy in a bolt of lightning that it’s enough to make nitrogen react with oxygen
fying
¿teria
in the air to give nitrates.
b) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots and soil (see below).
Nitrates in the so
5) There are four different types of bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle:
a) DECOMPOSERS — decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia, which goes on to form ammonium ions.
b) NITRIFYING BACTERIA - turn ammonium ions in decaying matter into nitrates.
c) NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA - turn atmospheric N, into nitrogen compounds that plants can use.
d) DENITRIFYING BACTERIA - turn nitrates back into N, gas. This is of no benefit to living organisms.
Denitrifying bacteria are often found in waterlogped soils
6)
Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the soil. Others live in nodules on the roots of legume plants (e.g. peas and beans). This is why legume plants are so good at putting nitrogen back into the soil.
The plants have a mutualistic relationship with the bacteria — the bacteria get food (sugars) from the plant, and the plant gets nitrogen compounds from the bacteria to make into proteins.
So the relationship benefits both of them.

109
Q

The water cycle (step by step)

A

1) The Sun makes water evaporate from the land and sea, turning it into water vapor Water also evaporates from plants via transpiration
2) The warm water vapor is carried upwards (as warm air rises ), When it gets higher up it cools and condenses to from clouds
3) Water falls from the clouds as precipitation (usually rain, but
sometimes snow or hail) and is returned to the land and sea.
4) The flow of fresh water through the water cycle allows nutrients to be transported to different ecosystems

110
Q

What are the different ecosystem levels

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem

111
Q

What do plants compete for to survive

A

light
space
water
minerals (nutrients)

112
Q

What do animals compete for to survive

A

territory
food
water
mates

113
Q

What’s an effect of competition among different species

A

population decline

114
Q

Is environment change an abiotic or biotic factor

A

abiotic

115
Q

List three abiotic factors affects on communities

A

temperature
moisture level
light intensity
pH

116
Q

Name two biotic factors affects on communities

A

availability of food
number of predators

117
Q

How does the population of prey and predators link

A

If the number of prey increases so will the predators
however if population of predators increase the prey will decrease

118
Q

What does the predator-prey cycle show about there relationship

A

how they are interdependent on each other

119
Q

Why are predator prey cycles always out of phase

A

takes along time for the other species to respond

120
Q

Examples of parasites

A

tapeworms
fleas

121
Q

Examples of mutualism

A

clownfish
plants and bees

122
Q

What’s a parasite

A

a living organism that lives on or in another organism, called the host, and feeds off of it

123
Q

What is a mutualism

A

a symbiotic relationship where two or more species benefit from each other’s actions

124
Q

page 48 b.5

A
125
Q
A

Science (3 decks)

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